Analysis of the article from Foucault’s perspective Essay

In â€Å"Discipline and Punishment†, Foucault focuses on the major social control institution, which is penitentiary system, or system of punishment and prevention of delinquent and deviant behavior. Andrew Jacobs in his article entitled â€Å"Whistle-Blowers in Chinese City Sent to Mental Hospital† discusses the government’s struggle against undesirable, yet legal, actions of citizens like petitioning and seeking justice. The present paper is intended to analyze the article through the lens of Foucault’s framework of punishment.   First of all, it needs to be noted that neither Foucault nor Jacobs write about the justice as the conceptual and moral foundation of the so-called law enforcement authorities. In Foucault’s opinion, what actually underlies the entire punishment system is striving for power as the end in itself: in the Middle Ages, for instance, public executions were administered in cases of those criminals who obviously undermined the ruler’s power and political influence. The article by Jacobs in fact is additional evidence of this thesis: whereas the citizens do actually nothing unlawful by   preparing petitions, they are nevertheless placed in mental health institutions, due to the fact that they to certain degree interfere with the execution of absolute power. This also proves the fact that the modern authorities and power/ governance institutions nowadays have become so complicated and autonomous system that they begin to function for their own sake, â€Å"forgetting† about their initial purpose, which consisted in serving the interests of the multitude. Foucault admits that the present-day punishment is free of tortures in order to evoke in potential criminals the fear of the penalty itself, rather than the pain and physical suffering. The scholar also adds that science in technology increasingly more often serve the purposes of this system so that a number of professionals including lawyers, police officers, engineers and psychiatrists are involved into the examination and investigation.   In this sense, the case of Shandong Province clearly shows that relatively painless measures are used to prevent citizens from excessive petitioning ; moreover, a successful tandem of police authorities and mental health specialists increase the reliability of this practice: â€Å"During a 20-day stay, he said, he was lashed to a bed, forced to take pills and given injections that made him numb and woozy. According to the paper, when he told the doctor he was a petitioner, not mentally ill, the doctor said: â€Å"I don’t care if you’re sick or not. As long as you are sent by the township government, I’ll treat you as a mental patient† (Jacobs, par.5). Thus, even health care as a social institution in general is actually an institution of social control, fully supporting and following the ambitions and interests of the existing authorities. Due to the fact that justice-seekers, as it has been noted above, act legally, they are not eligible to become prison inmates, so law enforcement agencies send them to mental hospitals. This means, the punishment and corrections system has become so vast and multifaceted that it can now achieve a number of different goals, including the goal of imposing a penalty on the individual, whose actions are not fully beneficial for the institutions of power.   Thus, such institutions, which serve their own needs, find strategies of curbing unfavorable behavior and select a path of minimal resistance: instead of officially declaring active petitioners as criminals (which will result in the need for reviewing and revising the entire legislation), these officials make an open statement that truth-seekers are simply mad and need special medical treatment. Thus, they even show this situation as the act of saving the society from one more mentally imbalanced citizen and preserving or improving this   person’s health. Thus, the philosophy ostensibly underlying this practice   seems noble, but it needs to be remembered that the institutions of power and social control work moistly for their own sake and attempt to expand and strengthen their influence. Foucault also dedicates a part of his work to describing the concept of discipline. In particular, the scholar asserts that discipline is one of behavioral compliance-gaining techniques, which consists in managing the distribution of individuals in space, controlling their time and clearly defining their relations with the institutions of social control. In this sense, the Chinese authorities obviously seek to introduce a new discipline and eliminate the habit of creating petitions and lawsuit against the governmental institutions, i.e. the practice of   hospital confinement is intended to deter individuals from interfering with the government’s course. This is actually the heart of discipline – the recognition of power, obedience and absolute acceptance of the programs and campaigns of the ruling institutions. Moreover, this out of common type of discipline allows finding supporters, who would be the social engines of the promotion and progress of the government’s activities. Finally, it is important to focus on the pure concept of punishment as explained by Foucault and addressed by Jacobs. Obviously, hospital incarceration includes all the components of punitive measure including control over the inmate’s body (i.e. the person depends on the institution in terms of the satisfaction of their basic needs); management of the prisoner’s time and activities and, thirdly, modulating the penalty. In the context of the article by Jacobs, the last component means administering additional therapies, which make the person half-unconscious for days or suggesting the release from the institution in exchange for signing a refusal of the petition. Importantly, the inmate is surveilled, but cannot see all of their â€Å"watchers†. As one can conclude, although the incarceration in mental hospitals is not a traditional form of punishment, it is actually similar to the regular imprisonment, because of the similar concepts like panopticism, discipline, painless punishment and the execution of the government’s authority. Bibliography Rainbow, P. The Foucault Reader. New York: Random House, 1984. Jacobs, A. â€Å"Whistle-Blowers in Chinese City Sent to Mental Hospital†

Advertising Images of Elderly

Advertising Images of Elderly The attitudes younger generations have of the elderly and the relationships they share, as well as perceptions older people have of themselves, are directly affected by stereotypes portrayed in television advertisements (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 35). When the elderly are visible in advertising, it is typically in life insurance and emergency catastrophe product commercials.These ads implied that the elderly are feeble, stubborn, grouchy, lonely, ugly, helpless, mentally declined, and isolated (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). As a group, they suffered from immobility, illness, and frailness (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). By portraying the elderly in a negative aspect in advertising, younger audiences and senior citizens began to accept the stereotypical and an unrealistic portrait of aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011,p 39-41).All too many advertisements that use the elderly perpetuate negative aging stereotypes. These t elevision ads often try to generate media attention that overemphasis the vulnerability of older people (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p 47). One clear example of this, when Lifecall began running an overly dramatic advertisement in the late 1980’s. Typically, these older actors in these commercials were force to portray characters that were either deathly ill or sprawled across the bathroom floor clutched to a walker, crying â€Å"Help!I’ve fallen and I can’t get up! † The ad gave younger viewers the impression that the elderly were all of a sudden incapable of being alone at home, unable to get help, perhaps for hours or even days. They must rely on their medical alert pendent if they were ever going to call an ambulance, a next door neighbor, family, or a doctor (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). Running head: ADVERTISING IMAGES OF ELDERLY 4 In other ads, the elderly were repeatedly reminded of negative stereotypes associated with aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 7). As the older spokeswoman dropped change into the parking meter, she described to a group of listeners that Colonial Penn Life Insurance helped make sure that her money problems did not become a burden to her family. The commercial continued to communicate with the elderly that the average cost of a funeral was over six thousand dollars (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). These advertisements conveyed the idea to the elderly that their departure will place significant financial burdens to their family members.They would more likely be remembered for putting their families into extensive debt. By repeatedly exposing negative portrayals of elderly in Lifecall and Colonial Penn Life Insurance television ads, many children and young adults have lost their respect for the elderly. They believe in wrong or emphasize fictional messages of older people. They see the elderly as defenseless and burdens. Also, the negative stereotypes in television ads have a serious effect on older people’s self-esteem. They take on the negative stereotypes generated on television ads.

Plato and Descartes theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato and Descartes theories - Essay Example Though both seem to represent similar ideas, they are different in some ways which will be discussed in the paper. Plato is of the view that knowledge is not acquired through sense experience; individuals are born with platonic ideas or forms (Popkin and Stroll, 225). These ideas are contained in the soul which exists prior to birth. To gain real knowledge, the soul has to recall platonic ideas. Plato assumes that children forget the knowledge they already have at birth and therefore, must regain consciousness and recall it. The knowledge recalled is the only true or certain knowledge since the knowledge acquired through sense experience is deceiving and uncertain. For him, the body is empty as it cannot access abstract reality of the world but only shadows (Robinson, 86). The soul and body are distinct but temporarily united until death where the soul leaves to occupy another body. He also observes that the forms or objects of knowledge are eternal, necessary and unchanging (Popkin & Stroll, 224). For example, numbers used in mathematics or geometrical truths which depend on ideas and meanings do not change. The shadows or diagrams can change but the procedures and reasoning lead us to acquire the truth about them. Just like Plato, he agrees that senses cannot be trusted. Whatever we see through our senses can be deceiving and therefore not certain; for example, we may mistake one thing for another especially if we view it at a distance and when it is near. Senses are deceiving to the extent that we may not be aware whether we are existing or we are dreaming of our existence and therefore, to be certain, a lot of thinking is needed (Pessin). According to Popkin and Stroll (234) Descartes discovered that the certain thing is ‘I think, therefore I am.† In his meditations, he doubted whether he had a body but had no doubt that he had a mind since a mind must be in existence for him to think. He therefore,

To gain insights to some of the factors that will help movie investors Assignment

To gain insights to some of the factors that will help movie investors in making better decisions - Assignment Example Various factors such as budget allocated, market positioning, release timing, and the type of the content are important in addressing the research problem. The results of the model are aimed at predicting the success and failure of movie release in the initial opening week box office. Multi-linear regression and regression tree analysis of the data signified error in data interpretation. The percentage of error ranged from 37 to 43 percent. Therefore, it was important to improve data analysis accuracy in order to provide reliable research result. Data analysis of various variables included release time, type of content played, inclusion of an Oscar actor or producer, and genre. The model used in the research study did not bring out the intended accuracy, resulting into recommendation for a further research. There are myriad ways through which the research model can be improved in order to enhance accuracy. For instance, the inclusion of major variables in the research design such as marketing budget, channels, and running the model on a larger database platform. The research study discusses significant effects of various variables and how they determine success of a movie release. The movie industry is one of the industries that have gained prominence due to prevailing dynamism. Movie investors put into consideration a wide range of factors in the determination of a successful movie. The opening week box office performance has a significant role in predicting fruitful movies. The BIDM report focuses on business prediction model, by carrying out multi-linear regression and regression tree, in addressing the situation. Variables such as budget, the presence of Oscar actor, type of content, release timing, and MPAA ratings have all been put under scrutiny in exploring the success of a movie in its opening week. The return on capital analysis of

WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF THE VIEW THAT WE ARE LIVING IN Essay

WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS OF THE VIEW THAT WE ARE LIVING IN A GLOBALISED WORLD - Essay Example nomies into an international economy through trade, capital flows, migration, spread of technology and many other factors contributing to it (Bhagwati, 2004). Globalisation is usually recognized as being caused by a combination of economic, socio-cultural, technological, political and biological factors. It can also refer to the dissemination of ideas, languages or popular culture between nations (Croucher, 2004). Living in a globalised world has its share of negative effects on the average citizen, and globalisation has been one of the most hotly-debated issues in international economics in the past years. One of the causes for this opposition to globalisation is the concern that globalisation has increased inequality and environmental degradation (Hopkins, 2004). Fears for inequality arise in situations in which companies take advantage of cheap labour force in backward countries and use employees for their own needs without taking care of their working conditions. Also, as a result of the industrial nature of factories and that are responsible for manufacturing goods, the environment suffers damages in its land, in bodies of water (including rivers, lakes, oceans, seas) and in the air as well (as poisonous materials are released to the air). Poorer countries suffer more disadvantages because of globalisation. As some countries try to save their national markets, they sometimes subsidise their main export, which is agricultural goods. This lowers the poor farmers crop prices in the poor countries compared to what it would have been if countries had not subsidised their goods. (Hurst, n.d) One other negative effect of globalisation in the economic field is the increase in child labour. The conditions in the poorer countries of the world along with the "enticements" offered by large corporations in them cause even children to go to work in order to help support their families. These children often work in sweatshops and in terrible conditions. The increases in

American Imperialism (American History) Research Paper

American Imperialism (American History) - Research Paper Example It said that America was interested in the development of the countries in the western hemisphere and that any European country should not wield its imperialistic power in its domain. Though America was not as powerful as Great Britain or France in its powers at that time, it used the Monroe Doctrine to back its action of sending troops to Mexico against the French in 1866 and its acquiring of Alaska in 1867. One of the economic reasons for the foreign policy was to acquire more markets for American Industrial products. When one of American battleship exploded suddenly under the sea, US pointed its blaming fingers at Spain. The foreign policy made the US send troops to Cuba to fight against Spain domination of Cuba. William McKinley, the US president sent military troops to Cuba leading Spain and Us to declare war against each other. Eventually, Spain lost Puerto Rico and Guam to the US. Soon, America was contesting for the position of world power manifesting its power in the world scene. American journalist John used the term ‘Manifest Destiny’ in 1895, which was used to justify all actions of US in imperialism and expansion, acquisition of California and Alaska. As Michael Chimes says, that in the years that led to the Spanish American war, America saw the rise of ethnocentrism, manifest destiny, and Anglo-Saxonism. It was further fueled by nationalism. These gave the rationale behind America’s imperialism and foreign policy of the 18th and early 19th century. He discusses the philosophical underpinnings of the American Foreign Policy that led to Imperialism. He says: America’s rise to world power occurred in the fifty-year period between 1870-1920.   The Spanish-American War may be seen as the â€Å"point of no return,† the foreign policy event that conclusively committed us to imperial strength and a global presence.

How to Break Bad Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to Break Bad Habits - Essay Example The initial phase of recovery is by admitting that they are living with a bad habit. Secondly, they should decisively choose to change such a habit. Consequently, they should seek to identify the cause of the habit, and eventually look for a healthier habit to replace the bad habit. According to Health Encyclopedia, such phases may assume other names such as pre-contemplation phase, contemplation phase, preparation, action, maintenance phase and termination. The initial stage of admitting helps in raising the consciousness of the victim. At this stage, one should seek to gather substantial knowledge on how beneficial would it be if he/she adopts a healthier habit. For example, what would be the benefit of becoming a non smoker? While, at the same stage, it is also essential to learn on how one can end a bad habit. This stage may be referred to as the pre-contemplation stage. At the contemplation stage, one begins to implement the knowledge gathered in the pre-contemplation stage; there is the commitment to start the process via which a bad habit is to be terminated. One may consider restricting themselves within six months. At the preparation stage, one is almost set; he/she plans on how to take necessary actions within the shortest time possible, probably a month after the six months of contemplation. Often, there is a plan on how to stop a bad behavior, when one is at this stage. For example, an alcoholic addict identifies a support group to be attending. On the other hand, a drug addict may opt for a health facility. The action phase means that a person takes a definitive action towards breaking a bad habit. For example, one may be actively adhering to the appointments with the doctor, or following a program of losing weight. However, only proven approaches are considered as actions. For example, cigarette smokers with an intention of just cutting back cigarettes cannot be

Statement of Purpose for UCLA art major Personal

Of Purpose for UCLA art major - Personal Statement Example Since an early age, my parents instilled in me a love for art and a respect for various artistic disciplines. I attended painting and drawing classes every week since 7 years of age until 15 years of age. I came to the U.S. from Taiwan at a young age. I fully credit my parents with having given me the tools to succeed in the art world in the U.S. My parents passed on to me their interest in collecting paintings of a wide variety. Therefore, we have an art gallery at home full of famous paintings from both Taiwan and China. My parents consistently took myself and my siblings to art galleries, and is still one of our favorite family activities when we get together. Regarding my own personal interest in art, I’ve participated in numerous painting and drawing contests. When I moved to the United States for high school, I attended a creative and performing arts school in San Diego and continued working on my artistic talent. After high school, I developed my other interests in desi gn. I chose to work on fashion design. Fashion is art to me. I wanted to pursue art on a different level, however. After graduating from college, I wanted to have more formal higher education experience focused not just on art as it is studied in traditional schools, but also study art at another level at UCLA. My purpose in pursuing this graduate degree in art at UCLA is undergirded by the fact that I know UCLA is an excellent school with a stellar reputation in this field. UCLA also has respect for diversity in its student body, which was important to me in selecting a grad school program. The UCLA faculty is very experienced and knowledgeable in several aspects of the art world, which was also another key factor in deciding to apply here. I sincerely feel that attending UCLA will help me become a better artist. My ultimate goals in obtaining a graduate degree in art are to: 1) own my own gallery; 2) share my art with the public at large; and 3) work with art museums and/or galler ies in order to restore and preserve masterpieces for posterity, so our children and grandchildren will still be able to appreciate creative pieces from master artists. Obtaining a graduate degree in art at UCLA would not only serve to bolster my experience and interest in art, but would also help provide a schema for how to realize my dreams. Wanting to become well-known in the art world, I believe this degree would give me instant credibility that would signify my expertise in not only dealing with art but creating it. I thank you for reading and for your thoughtful consideration of my application in light of the above-stated comments. Personal Accomplishments, Community Pride: A Response to Prompt #2 I have accomplished many personal achievements in my lifetime, but I consider many of these achievements as exemplars for my community (including my family). Having grown up as an immigrant, I realize the incredible opportunities that coming to America gave me and my family. I will b e forever grateful for those. Undertaking this graduate degree in art from UCLA, therefore, is not only a source of personal accomplishment but a symbol of community pride for everyone I know and love that contributes to my culture—both in the U.S. and in Taiwan. While in Taiwan, I won the first-place award for the Taiwan Shei-Pa National Park’s official drawing contest when I was only an 11-year-old elementary school student—chosen from all the student contestants in all of Taiwan. When I came to attend high

Narrative Essay Essay Example for Free

Narrative Essay Essay Purpose: The journey I had while selling magazines was memorable because I met a lot people and saw many fun places. Thesis Statement: Selling magazines doesn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the U. S. was the best experience that anyone could imagine as well as meeting new people and seeing so many new places. It all started one sunny afternoon in sunny Oceanside, CA on the Camp Pendleton marine base. I was staying with a friend and I looked on craigslist and checked the newspaper for jobs, when I came across an ad in the paper that read â€Å"A COOL TRAVEL JOB† so I decided to call the number just to see what it was all about. When the lady answered the phone she said, â€Å"Thanks for calling Success Express how I can help you? † and I replied hi my name is Katie and I am calling about the ad in the paper. The lady that answered the phone was Shellie and she asked me some questions and gave me an over the phone interview. When that was done she asked when I would be able to start and I said as soon as possible, then she said to call back in 30 minutes and I would know if I got the job. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Selling magazines didn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the US would be a great experience that I couldn’t imagine doing and also meeting new people sounds fun as well as seeing new places. So 30 minutes later I called back and sure enough I got the job. Shellie sent me a bus ticket for the next day I got on the Greyhound bus and was on my way to Mesa, Arizona to meet up with the crew. When I finally arrived in Arizona after a long bus ride I went to the Ramada Inn where the crew was staying. It was around noon so of course the crew was out working. I met Shellie and she got me into my room where I showered and got ready to meet the crew. Later on after the crew got off work, I finally got to meet everyone, who in a way was kind of scary because I wasn’t sure how they were, but surprising enough they were really nice and welcoming. I had a trainer whose name was Tatiana and she gave me the rules and showed me around the crew and just gave me a rundown on what it was that we actually would be doing. After that it was pretty late so we called it a night and went to bed so we could be ready for the next day. So now the journey officially began. We woke up the next day got ready and then had a meeting to get pumped up to sell some magazines. Oh boy, let me tell you that meeting was something else. There was singing songs, spill contests, and just a bunch of positivity all around that you would have thought you were in a cult, but of course you weren’t. The meeting was over and we finally left in a 15 passenger van to go to a neighborhood or an apartment complex where we would get dropped off and do our thing to sell magazines. Now of course we got paid, but it was on commission only so you only made money on what you sold. Sounds hard, but not really it was like we were in a contest so it made it a little easier to talk to people because they would want to help you win so if all they had to do is buy a magazine to get you points they would. Don’t get me wrong not everyone would buy one so you really had to put your charm on. A great day would be selling 10 magazines, but anywhere from 5-7 would be a good day and you would still make good money. There were so many states that I saw and loved but just to name a couple that I really loved and were my favorite was Hawaii, Guam and Alaska. These places were amazing and those are the places that I made so much money. In Hawaii we stayed in a hotel right on the beach and would have free time to do what we wanted to like go shopping, play at the beach and even go to the bars. It wasn’t just about having fun though we also had to work, see in Hawaii there is a lot of military so we would work on the bases and sell to the soldiers. The military bases are what we called our money makers because the soldiers would buy a lot of magazines and would pay in cash so it really secured our orders. Guam was a lot like Hawaii sunny warm and water all around you. The local territory was little more different than Hawaii because they spoke Chamorro which is the language they speak there. Not everyone spoke different, but the ones that did were hard to understand. The people were all so very nice in Guam they would always offer you food and that is one thing with people in Guam if they offer you food you must take it because they consider it an insult if you say no thank you. The thing that I remember most about Guam is the stray dogs, but there they call them boonie dogs. These dogs would be all over and look so shaggy and some of them would chase you. Was sometimes scary, but most of the time they would leave you alone. Now for Alaska, I love it very cold, but I could see myself living there one day. Yes we would sell magazines in the freezing cold but of course we were bundled in warm clothes. Everyone in Alaska is so nice and welcoming. Alaska is where I had my high day of selling magazines which was 20 sales, boy I was a happy camper. I also saw my first bald eagle. One thing about Alaska is in the summer time it never gets dark so it’s such a different feeling, I think it would be hard to sleep when it’s still light outside. You would definitely have to get use to the weather, but it is still one of my favorite places. So selling magazines ended up being a very memorable experience for me because I never would have thought I would have seen so many cool places in the world. If you ever get to do an experience that would take you all over the country do it because you definitely won’t forget it. Selling magazines might not sound fun to some people, but it was my most memorable journey in my life so far and I am glad I did because then I would not have met new people and saw new places.

The French and Indian War Essay Example for Free

The French and Indian War Essay Prior to 1754 French Indian War, the 13 North American colonies that would eventually become the United States of America were at a rate of rapid increase. Colonial trade with England has increased by over 360%, all colonies were reproducing successfully, with a rate of natural increase of 3%, and the population doubling every 25 years, and on top of that, colonial power increased with the idea of Salutary Neglect, and colonial assemblies. The French Indian War had cause a multitude of changes and shifts in America, on political, economical, and ideological levels alike. For a start, the French and Indian War altered the political aspects of the 13 colonies. Prior to the French Indian War, due to the idea that it was beneficial or healthy for the 13 colonies if they had some sense of freedom, independence and self-governance, this was dubbed Salutary Neglect. The main form of political governance in the colonies was the colonial assemblies. These assemblies were responsible for governing their respective colonies through city courts. These courts would make decisions that pertained to each of the colonies, like appointing members to the unicameral and bicameral assemblies. Building on this knowledge, after the war ended in 1763, with the Treaty of Paris 1763, one of the main consequences was the end of Salutary Neglect. Most colonial assemblies were shut down as a result of this, giving the colonial Royal governors more power than they previously had. Another consequence of the Treaty of Paris 1763 was the French losing every last bit of their land in North America (Doc. A). The French originally fought in the French Indian War for control of the Ohio River Valley, which was an important area for trade and growth. Progressing away from the political aspects that were altered by the French Indian War, the economical aspects were also altered ultimately. Before the beginning of the French Indian War, Britain didn’t have any major taxes imposed onto the colonies. That was before the war. After the French Indian War was fought, and the Treaty of Paris 1763 signed, the Stamp Act was imposed in 1765 by George III to help pay for the deficit created by the French Indian War, as well as King George’s War (1739-1748). This act was passed as a result of Britain needing more revenue, as for the revenue coming from the colonies prior to this act was â€Å"not yet sufficient to defray a fourth part of the expense necessary for collecting it.†(Doc. F). The Stamp Act, mind you, wasn’t a tax on stamps, but rather a tax on printed documents, such as  newspapers, journals, deeds, letters, et cetera. The Stamp Act required all printed documents to be stamped with a special imprint, which certified the document. Failure to do so would most likely result in a fine, or confiscation of the merchandise, which is why it fac ed so much opposition from the colonists, even though it only affected a certain few. Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter, addressed to John Hughes in Pennsylvania, suggesting the repealing of the Stamp Act (Doc. G). If he refused to repeal the Stamp Act, Franklin warned him that it would make him very unpopular among the colonists, and refuted that he should try to reconcile the colonists after the war, instead of taxing them. Benjamin Franklin truly feared violent opposition to the Stamp Act. This eventually led to the Stamp Act crisis, which resulted in Liberty Trees being planted. At these liberty trees, officials sent to collect taxes in more severe cases were tarred and feathered as a form of public humiliation. The Virginia Resolves were also passed as a result of the Stamp Acts, which claimed it as unconstitutional, and they could not be taxed without representation in Parliament. This type of violent opposition led to the repealing of the Stamp Act in 1766, and the passing of the Declatory Act in 1766 which gave Britain the right to make laws for the colonies. This concept is called parliamentary sovereignty, and went against the right of consent of the governed, and the colonist’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, or alternatively, the pursuit of happiness. The British also assumed the colonists Virtual Representation. This is the idea that the colonies were represented in Parliament indirectly. Also, before the French Indian War ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763, which resulted in the Proclamation Line of 1763, which ran from the West of the Appalachian Mountains to England, Native Americans were getting defensive about their land, and warned the colonists to remove themselves from their area, as for they had no right to settle (Doc. B). The Chief of the Iroquois Confederacy, Canassatego, told the representative bodies in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia that basically, their motives are transparent, and the Native Americans knew the value of their land and instructed the representatives to promptly remove thei r men from their land (even though it wasn’t rightfully theirs) because they had no right to settle, and they felt greatly disrespected. After the war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763, the Proclamation Line was drawn to prevent all  British colonists from settling West of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent all future tensions with the Native Americans, even though proceeding the war, a large deal of their land was already lost. The war ultimately created economic stress in the colonies, because it resulted in more taxes (Doc. F), and isolated trade with the Native Americans, as for we usually traded fur pelts with them. This also could’ve foreshadowed their refusal to join the colonists in an alliance during the Albany Plan of 1754, as well the problem of westward expansion with Chief Pontiac’s Rebellion in 1763, which resulted in the senseless murder of thousands of British colonists. Adding on to other economic problems created by the war, the mercantile policies of the Navigation Acts were beginning to become heavily enforced again. England buckled down on the colonies to raise revenue (Doc. F.). This put a major halt on smuggling of goods to the 13 colonies. With the passing of the Writs of Assistance, the quartering British soldiers had a right to enter a colonist’s home at anytime and confiscate anything they suspected of being smuggled. Smuggled good were rarely found, but it enraged the colonists that the British had a right to do this on their land. To initiate the final point, are the altered ideological aspects that were altered as a result of the French Indian War. Preceding the French and Indian War, some of the colonists were sycophant to Britain. During the war, in 1755, George Washington wrote a letter to Robert Orne, wishing to join the militia. He was eager to serve under General Braddock, who would soon bring on the humiliating defeat during the failed capture of Fort Duquesne (Doc. C). George Washington’s loyalty and respect for Britain would soon change, like many other colonists ideological values about their â€Å"mother country.† Sources like the Massachusetts soldier’s diary dated 1759 proved British to be neglectful of their soldiers. The people who were once eager to serve under Britain now wanted out. The British Parliament refused to supply proper winter clothes, and liquor. To him, this is being denied â€Å"Englishmen’s Liberty.† The soldiers were not allowed to leave, so they may as well have been slaves at that point. (Doc. D). That’s just one ideological value changed as a result of the French Indian War. As I said before, many colonists thought highly of Britain as a mother country, with over 60,000 loyalists living the colonies, until the French Indian War. Rev. Thomas Banard’s sermon in 1763 praised Britain in an usually optimistic  way. He assumed the end of the war meant the colonist’s could be free and happy. No animosity could be sensed towards Britain. (Doc. E.) That was until the British decided to tax the colonists to increase revenue. (Doc. F. ). That resulted in the Stamp Act, which as you know, was every controversial and lead to violent oppositions, riots, and acts like the Virginia Resolves. Benjamin Franklin warned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act before any of this opposition took place (Doc. G). In October 1765, on a new paper masthead was a very iconic image. There was a skull and crossbones stating â€Å"The TIMES are Dreadful, Doleful, Dismal, Dolorous, and DOLLAR-LESS.† It also read â€Å"Adieu Adieu to LIBERTY† which can be translated to â€Å"Goodbye to Liberty.† (Doc. H). Mind you, these are the same colonies that kissed up to Britain before the war. Acts in the same nature of the Stamp Act faced opposition of this sort. This substantiates the evident shifting and altering of ideological values that resulted from the French Indian war. In final analysis of this essay, one may think that the French and Indian war heavily altered the relationship between Britain and the American colonies. They’re right. The French Indian changed the relationship on a economical, political, and an ideological basis. The politics were changed during the disbanding of the colonial assemblies, doing away with of Salutary Neglect and the French losing all their territory as a result of the Treaty of Paris 1763, the economical situation was pressed one, with the Navigation Acts now being heavily enforced, cutting down on smuggling, with the new taxes on top of that, and isolated trade with the Native Americans and Britain, and most definitely on an ideological level, seeing the major shift of emotion and feelings towards Britain after the war, from optimistic, loyal, and respectful, to slandering them in a hostile manner. The tensions created by this war, and the abandoning of the debt on the colonist’s foreshadowing the hea vy colonial resistance that was to come, that would blossom into the American Revolution.

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change

Impact On Motivation At Times Of Change This study focuses on a research topic Impact on motivation at time of change on individual, on the basis of the theories of Research Methodology for Business. The outline of the project will cover: Chapter 1 provides the background of the study underlining main objectives, questions and hypothesis of the study. Chapter 2 focuses on general definitions. Models and theories related to motivation, leadership style influencing motivation at time of change and consultation process methods and models will be reviewed and described. References 1.1 Background In topical times, organizations are marked by constant changes taking place in its orientation, strategies and even structural set up. The workers need to constantly adapt themselves to such changes. This often cause stress on their mindset and affect their work quality. At this juncture it is important to shove away any misconception or doubts and bring back the trust, which is extremely essential for the organizational success. In order to achieve this, internal communication needs to be strong and effective. There is a possibility the motivation in the workforce might be restored through successful communication within the organization. Information Technology provides several options for this. E-mails, intranets and other innovations help in meeting the high demand of communication during such time of alteration within the organization (Wojtecki and Peters, 2000). Face to face communication also might help a lot to sort out the differences. There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment. Most of the studies so far have taken the formal side into consideration. In Contemporary issues in management and organizational behavior (Peter, Poole and Jones, 2005), the whole cycle of Team-leadership has been portrayed in analyzing group decision- making and learning. Later, a global perspective has been given. According to Robert E. Hoskisson, Organisational Structure specifies the firms formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, and authority and decision making processes. (Hoskisson, 2008, p.100) This accrues to the basic framework of assigning roles, allocation of resources and provides a basis for cooperation, coordination and communication among the organizational hierarchy. (Hoskisson, 2008). Harris and Hartman discuss the problems of Grapevine. According to them, it is not a dependable source and cannot provide full information and maybe distorted. (Harris Hartman, 2002). In the article, Heard it through the grapevine: for communicating during change, facts and tips by Baxter-Southward, an extensive study has been done about grapevine communication- the negatives and the positives, and how to deal with this in organizations. However the right answer can be provided by a proper survey of the opinions of managers and workers. Whether such communication actually restores the faith and motivation is the area to be explored in this research. 1.2 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses The objective of this study is to deal with the issue relating to organizational behavior and organizational development. This study is to analyze whether the successful communication by the organization to its employees at the time of change will result in the motivated workforce. Additionally, the research will analyze the effectiveness of good leadership and managerial as a means to improve productivity, employee job satisfaction and commitment. The core objectives of the study are: To understand the reaction of workforce to organizational change (qualitative and quantitative analysis) To understand the measures normally adopted by the managers under such circumstances (qualitative analysis; from the questions asked during survey). To find out whether communication within the organization help in motivating workers (quantitative analysis). Based on objectives, conceptualizing structure for this research has been developed. The main variables are evidently showed through coherent analysis in the structure. Based on this structure, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: The reaction of the workforce is positive or negative at the time of change Managers can or cannot influence the motivation and hence the productivity of employees. Successful internal communication affects or does not affects the motivation within workforce at times of change. 1.3 Scope Change is inevitable. Whether an employee is at the top or the bottom of an organization, one thing employee can count on in the future is that there will be change. In this turbulent environment it is important for the managers to react quickly. Motivation of employees at the time of change via successful communication will be described. Moreover, it will be analyzed whether communication can or cannot bring a motivated workforce. Further more, the current research will be focused on essence of good leaders in motivating employees and increasing productivity. . 2.1 Change and Change Management Success is not just for survival it must be achieved in a world of intense competition, continued globalization, and rapid technology change (Schermerhorn, 1996). Currently change has become the part and parcel of every organization to predict future trends and to forecast the changes that need to be encountered. Change is an ongoing process in every organization and for the organization to be successful and survive in a dynamic environment, it is important to have effective management of human resources(Mullin, 2005). People are the major resource of any organization (MULLINS, 2005). The efficiency of staff, their commitment towards the aims of the organization, and the skills and attitudes they bring to stand on the quality of service offered will undoubtedly affect the overall success of an organization (MULLINS, 2005) So in order to achieve success, it is vital for the organization to develop communication processes, motivation processes and a working environment that will help to ensure that individuals will deliver results in accordance with expectations of management. 2.1.1 Core Principals that revolves around change: According to Bernstein (2003) over 70 % of all organizational change efforts fail to meet expectation and delivered planned results. Before implementing change in an organization it is very important for the leader to understand the difference between the change and the transition process. Additionally, a leader should keep in mind that the success of change implementation process is a key driver of how organization will deal with changes, how changes are directed and administered by the leader. According to Barons Greenberg (1990) there several principals about change: People perception about change Individual barriers to change: Economic insecurity Fear to Unknown Threats to social relationship Habits Failure to recognize need for change Additionally Barons Greenberg (1990) listed the following organization barriers to change: Structural inertia Work group inertia Threat to existing balance of power Previously unsuccessful change efforts According to Bennis, Benne, Chin, R. (1985) there are several key drivers to change: Nature of workforce Competition Technology Economic Shocks Changing social trends World politics 2.1.2Types of change Fig1 Types of changes Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of change Type of Change Description Developmental Planned or emergent; incremental. It is change that enhances or corrects existing aspects of an organization, often focusing on the improvement of a skill or process. Transitional Episodic, planned, seeks to achieve a known desired state that is different from the existing one. It is and second order. Transformational Radical or second order in nature. It requires a shift in assumptions made by the organization and its members. Source: http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMM06299.html 2.1.3 Organization Change Management Model Kurt Lewin proposed a three stage theory of change commonly referred to as Unfreeze, Change, Freeze (or Refreeze). Theory was originally presented in 1947, but the Kurt Lewin model is still extremely relevant. Unfreezing Changing Refreezing Fig 2 Stages in Change Process Stages Description Unfreezing Old ideas and practices need to be cast aside so that new one can be learned. Changing New ideas and practices are learned. This involves helping an employee think reasons and perform in new ways. Refreezing It means what ever has been learned is integrated into actual practice. Source: http://www.change-management-coach.com/kurt_lewin.html Based on Hayes (2002) research of the most effective and commonly applied change, most change management processes contain the following three phases: Preparing for change (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Managing change (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Reinforcing change (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) (Shown in figure 3) Fig 3 Change management process phases Source: http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm 2.1.4 Phases in change Process People perceive change processes in seven typical stages (IPA, 2001). For successful implementation of change processes, it is important for managers to analyze that in which phase they can anticipate what type of troubles and situations. The seven stages are: Shock and Surprise Denial and Refusal Rational Understanding Emotional Acceptance Exercises and Learning Realization Integration Mainly flourishing organizations are those that are able to alter themselves to new environment rapidly. This requires planned learning and training processes that lead to better organizational efficiency. In an ideal world, employees are able to reflect their own behavior in relation to the organizational context (e.g. processes, products, resources, customers). Fig 4 Perceived Competence vs. Time Source: http://hr-horizons.blogspot.com/ Fig 5 Description of Phases Phase Description Shock and Surprise Confrontation with unexpected situations. This can happen by accident (e.g. losses in particular business units) or planned events (e.g. workshops for personal development and team performance improvement). These situations make people realize that their own patterns of doing things are not suitable for new conditions any more. Thus, their perceived own competence decreases. Denial and Refusal People activate values as support for their conviction that change is not necessary. Hence, they believe there is no need for change; their perceived competency increases again. Rational Understanding People realize the need for change. According to this insight, their perceived competence decreases again. People focus on finding short term solutions, thus they only cure symptoms. There is no willingness to change own patterns of behavior. Emotional Acceptance This phase, which is also called crisis is the most important one. Only if management succeeds to create willingness for changing values, beliefs, and behaviors, the organization will be able to exploit their real potentials. In the worst case, however, change processes will be stopped or slowed down here. Exercising and Learning The new acceptance of change creates a new willingness for learning. People start to try new behaviors and processes. They will experience success and failure during this phase. It is the change managers task to create some early wins (e.g. by starting with easier projects). This will lead to an increase in peoples perceived own competence. Realization. People gather more information by learning and exercising. This knowledge has a feedback-effect. People understand which behavior is effective in which situation. This, in turn, opens up their minds for new experiences. These extended patterns of behavior increase organizational flexibility. Perceived competency has reached a higher level than prior to change. Integration People totally integrate their newly acquired patterns of thinking and acting. The new behaviors become routine. Source: CA Carnall 2007 Managing Change in Organization Pearson Education 2.1.5 Resistance to Change Fig 6 Resistance to change Resistance to change consists of any employee behavior designed to discredit, delay or prevent the implementation of work change. According to Kotter (1996) resistance to change is the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. Most of actions that are taken to manage change fail due to improper planning and implementation (Coriat, 2002). There are three different types of resistance among employees (Newstrom Davis, 1993): 1. Logical Resistance 2. Psychological Resistance 3. Sociological Resistance Fig 7 Types of Resistance Type of resistance Description Logical Resistance Time required to adjust Extra effort to relearn Possibility of less desirable condition Economic cost of change Questioned technical feasibility of change Psychological Resistance Fear to unknown Low tolerance of change Dislike of management or other change agent Lack of trust in others Need for security Sociological resistance political coalitions opposing group values Parochial, narrow outlook Vested interest Desired to retain existing friendship Source: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/corpstrtgy/changemmt/chngmgmt.htm According to Kotter Schlesinger (1979) there are four main reasons people in an organization resist change: Parochial self interest Misunderstanding Low tolerance to change Different assessment of the situations Fig 8 Reasons for change Reason for Change Description Parochial self interest People are more concerned about the effect of change on themselves rather than its consequences on the success of business. Misunderstanding Communication Inadequate information Low tolerance to change People are more interested in doing one kind of work because of security and stability in their work. Different assessment of the situations Different people have different opinion for the reason for change. Some consider it as advantageous and others disadvantageous. Source http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html Kotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested ways to deal with the changes: Education and communication Participation and involvement Facilitation and support Negotiation and Support Manipulation and co-option Explicit and Implicit coercion Fig 9 Reasons for overcoming resistance to change Reasons for Overcoming Description Education and communication Educate people about the change effort in advance by giving them trainings so they can understand the logic behind the change. Participation and involvement When employees are actively involved in the change they are most likely to buy into change rather than resist them. Facilitation and support When people are trying to adjust with the situation, managers plays an important role by giving employees full support they require during the transition period. Negotiation and Support When someone loose out into change the managers can combat resistance by offering incentives to employees so that they do not resist changing. Manipulation and co-option It involves the patronizing gesture in bringing a person into a change management planning group just for sake of appearance rather than substantive contribution. Explicit and Implicit coercion Managers can implicitly and explicitly force employee to accept change by making them clear that resisting changing can lead to losing jobs. Source:http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_kotter_change_approaches.html 2.2 Motivation The level of performance of employees relies not only on their actual skills but also on the level of motivation each person exhibits (Burney et al., 2007). Motivation is an inner drive or an external inducement to behave in some particular way, typically a way that will lead to rewards (Dessler, 1978). Over-achieving, talented employees are the driving force of all firms so it is essential that organizations strive to motivate and hold on to the best employees (Harrington, 2003). In a turbulent environment where changes take place very often, therefore it becomes important for managers to analyze the level of motivation of each employee. Every individual have their own set of reasons to get motivated. Some individuals are motivated by financial factors while others are motivated by non financial factors illustrated in Figure 10. Motivation can be classified as external or internal motivation. Finishing deadline on time is an example of external motivation. The fear of loosing a job in case of uncompleted task is an example of internal motivation. Both the external and internal motivation is equally powerful. Figure 10 Financial Non financial motivators The four most powerful type of motivation that can influence an individual are listed below: Figure 11 Types of motivation Type of Motivation Description Intrinsic motivation Satisfaction in the work itself (pleasure, stimulation, learning etc) Extrinsic motivation Rewards for doing the work (money, promotion, perks etc) Personal motivation Individual values (a love of knowledge, power, security, self-expression etc) Interpersonal motivation The influence of other people (competition, collaboration, commitments etc) Human beings are complex in nature, and are usually motivated by a combination of four elements. Figure 11 illustrates 4 types of motivation, which come together to produce four key areas for the managers to focus on when trying to motivate their employees. Figure 11 Four key elements of motivation Source : http://www.wishfulthinking.co.uk/2009/02/11/motivation-during-a-recession/ 2.2.1 Major Theories of Motivation Motivation is not only in a single direction i.e. downwards. In the present scenario, where the workforce is more informed, more aware, more educated and goal oriented, the role of motivation has left the boundaries of the hierarchy of management. The Figure below shows the major theories of motivation that can be applied in the working environment as well on the employees to see the impact of motivation on the organization as a whole. Figure 12 Theories of Motivation 2.2.1.1 Need Approaches Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Figure 13 Shows Maslows Hierarchy of Needs By applying Maslows theory of motivation, modern leaders and managers find way of employee motivation for the reason of worker and workforce management. According to Maslow the humans are motivated by unsatisfied needs and the needs which are at low level should be satisfied initially and then the higher order need should be looked upon. As given in Figure 13 there are five general needs of the humans that should be satisfied before the human start behaving unselfishly. Therefore, in a real work time scenario it becomes important for the leader to understand which needs is currently active for an individual employee motivation. Alderfers ERG Theory Figure 14 Clayton Alderfers ERG Theory Needs Source:http://www.envisionsoftware.com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory.gif According to ERG theory, leaders must identify that employees have multiple desires to satisfy at the same time. In addition, if the employee is not given enough chance for development, the employee can go back to relatedness needs. So it becomes important for the managers to recognize this situation so that deliberate steps can be taken on relatedness needs until the employee is able to follow the way towards growth again. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Figure 15 Hygiene and Motivation Factors Source:http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1472-6920-9-49-1.jpg The psychologist Fredrick Herzberg asked the questions from employees in the year 1950s and 60s for understanding employee satisfaction. The results of its finding revealed that there are some factors of a job which are constantly connected to job satisfaction, while dissimilar factors are linked with job dissatisfaction. The hygiene and motivation factors are illustrated in Figure 15. To apply Herzbergs theory, managers need to take up a two stage process to motivate people. Firstly, managers need eliminate the dissatisfactions the employees are experiencing and, secondly, managers need to help them find satisfaction. McClellands Learned Needs Theory McClelland theory of human motivation also known as three need theory or learned theory, segments the needs as follow; Need for achievement Need for power Need for affiliation Each of these needs will differ from one person to another. If the manager is able to recognize the significance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help the managers to determine how an individual can be influenced. Summary of Need Approaches Figure 16 Comparison of Need Theories 2.2.1.2 Cognitive Approach Expectancy Theory Figure 17 Expectancy Theory According to expectancy theory, every person has their own set of different goals and they can be motivated if they have certain level of expectation. Vrooms expectancy theory is based on three variables i.e. valence, expectancy and Instrumentality valances. Figure 18 Valence, Expectancy Instrumentality Equity Theory/ Social Comparison Theory Figure 18 Equity Theory Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Equity theory states that employee always tend to compare the situation (Outcomes) they get while working in relation to what they invested (Inputs). Additionally they also willing to compare what are the ratio between what they get from what they put in. Moreover people also attempt to compare their input and outputs with their coworkers as illustrated in Figure 19. Figure 19 Equity Comparison Source: http://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Goal Setting Theory of Motivation Figure 20 Goal Theory Source: http://faculty.washington.edu/janegf/goalsetting.html This theory aims to recognize the kind of goals that are most competent in producing high level of motivation among the workers. Moreover, if employees have goals to aim for, under this circumstance the employee will perform better. Therefore it becomes important for the managers to analyze which goals can motivate which employee. In order for the managers to understand while setting goals for the individual, the managers should set the goals that are: Clear (not vague) and understandable Challenging Achievable. 2.2.1.3 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when some actions are taken. External environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals behaviour. Figure 21 Types of Reinforcement Types of Reinforcement Description Positive reinforcement This implies giving a positive response when an individual shows positive and required behavior. Negative reinforcement This implies rewarding an employee by removing negative / undesirable consequences. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used for increasing desirable / required behaviour. Extinction It implies absence of reinforcements. In other words, extinction implies lowering the probability of undesired behaviour by removing reward for that kind of behaviour. Extinction may unintentionally lower desirable behaviour Punishment It implies removing positive consequences so as to lower the probability of repeating undesirable behaviour in future. In other words, punishment means applying undesirable consequence for showing undesirable behaviour. Source: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm 2.3 Leadership Style and Communication Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people (Kurt Lewin,1939). Leadership Style influences the level of motivation of employees. Different Leaders have different style for managing the employees working under them. Fig explains the style of leadership influencing the motivation of employees. Figure 22 Leadership Style Vs motivation Source: http://www.motivation-tools.com/workplace/leadership_styles.htm There have been mostly separate studies about leadership and grapevine communication. According to McKenna (2000), leadership is an art that can get the optimum work required for the organization. The leader also communicates the organizations goals to his team members. He does not discuss about the communication that is more important between the leader and the team and the effectiveness when such communication occurs in an informal way that leads to more interaction and hence develops a bond with each employee and all together leads to commitment and motivation.

The Character Quoyle in Annie Proulxs The Shipping News Essay example

"The greatest barrier to success is the fear of failure" - Sven Goran Eriksson. Success is an achievement in life which most people would be appreciative towards, but failure is looked upon in a disgraceful manner. People in society tend to face many challenges that occur in their daily lives. Some of these challenges can affect their lives dramatically in a positive or negative way. If one decides not to surmount their challenges they will suffer within themselves for a long period of time. Having confidence within is considered the greatest way to overcome suffering in life. In the novel, The Shipping News, by Annie Proulx, Quoyle deals with many difficult challenges along his life journey by suffering from bad childhood experiences which led him to have a low self confidence, which later on affected him in adulthood as well. All of Quoyle?s life decisions at first were base on him listening to others and continuing life suffering through it day by day but afterwards in the novel n ear the end, he experiences happiness for the first time. If someone is unable to overcome their bad experiences and fears in the past then they cannot be successful in the future. Also, a person should be strong and have faith in themselves to overcome their fears to fain the joy and happiness in their life. The modern day hero is distinguished as a hero with both successes and failures. A hero?s successes are determined by the hero?s power within themselves to overcome fears and obstacles and failures are determined by the hero?s weak point or flaw which leads to their predicted downfall and portrays them as an atypical hero. A hero can be depicted as an atypical hero at first but can still gain the success and happiness they longed for in the end. .. ...ek we had the sawmill story, story on the new National Historic Park in Misky Bay, demonstration over foreign high electric rates, the shrimp processor?s strike ? good, solid local stories ? and we had to camp ?em in very hard. No pix. I mean, it would be different if it was real ads.? (Proulx, 292) This confirms Quoyle is beginning to get stronger within as an adult. The Gammy Bird newspaper always had violence in it such as the car wrecks, sexual assaults, thefts etc. There would never be any good news in their newspaper and that is what Quoyle wanted and he said how he felt towards the situation and that was a big step for him because he usually lets others make their guidelines for him. Now the newspaper can have good news in it such as a Lifestyle section for people to enjoy reading and it was all because of Quoyle putting his mind, effort and courage into it.

Pillars of Salt, A Woman of Five Seasons and A Balcony over the Fakihani :: Arab Women Culture Essays

Pillars of Salt, A Woman of Five Seasons and A Balcony over the Fakihani Works Cited Missing The most latent component of the three novels: â€Å"Pillars of Salt†, â€Å"A Woman of Five Seasons†, and â€Å"A Balcony over the Fakihani† is the struggle of all the women in them. Theirs is a struggle at all levels, a struggle from the occupation of their land and war, a struggle from the occupation of their bodies or what could be considered a war against their bodies, and a sexual, and a power struggle. The women in these novels survive a fight that is almost impossible to win. They do not even posses their bodies. Some are given away in marriage, but even if they are not, their bodies serve the purpose of giving lineage to their husbands. If they are incapable they are deemed as defective and possibly discarded. Their entire beings serve as trophies in their husband’s list of successes, not just a show of their virility, through lineage, but also a show of their ability to manage their possessions . Their bodies can only be enjoyed by the man they marry. If they are not pure by the time of marriage they are deemed dishonorable and not marriageable. Virginity has to be proved to safeguard the bride’s family honor, not the groom’s. The women of these novels are there only in relationship to their men. They compliment them. It is only during war that the couples become more equal helping each other to survive the larger monster. Then the women are in control, in possession of themselves and in a team with their husbands. But war only brings destruction, and most of the women end up alone having to bring up the next generation on their own. The subjugation of the women begins with their education which for the most part comes from their mothers and their family. The general consensus is that women, girls, are lower than boys, regardless of their traits. Even those who are overall considered good mothers perpetuate this image to their daughters: â€Å"What do you expect? He is a boy. Allah placed him a step higher. We must accept Allah’s verdict,† said Maha’s mother condoning her brother Daffash’s bad behavior. (Faqir 33) The training of little girls to understand their position under men begins when they are small, in their families. The fact that he is a boy gives him an innate position above all women.

Differences between Genders Not Created by Social Conditioning

This paper intends to observe males in social settings, as well as, in the workplace. In addition to that, it will try to identify the differences between opposite genders in terms of those not created from social conditioning. Finally, it will also enumerate social conditions promoting gender inequality that adversely affects the society. Observations The following are some of the ones I noticed among the males in social settings and in the workplace:In the office, there was a man who didn’t care how excellent the result of his work will turn out to be, what he is focused on is accomplishing is (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). It doesn’t really matter to him if his colleagues will approve of his work just as long as it is done (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). Another man speaks of his desired promotion and salary increase which shows how important money and power are to him (Marriage Missions International n. p. ).Finally, there was a man at the party who did not seem to care how badly ironed his clothes were (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). His hair was even too messy to look at (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). It is clearly evident that he cares less about his appearance (Marriage Missions International n. p. ). Differences Based on the observations carried out, the differences among genders which are not brought about by social conditioning are the following: First of all is preference.The â€Å"outward show† of an individual is not taught by somebody he or she is with. This depends on what the person wants or desires. Another is known as innate ability/attitude. A man was not trained or taught to want money or fame, this is instilled in him. It’s an attitude he already has. The same is true with his performance; a man may be innately lazy and not motivated to work excellently. Social Conditions The social conditions that may promote gender inequality are the following: The first is gender role s.This may create adverse effects on the society because gender roles are behaviors which a particular culture or group of people expects from people (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). Therefore, if a certain person acts contrary to whatever expectations their group may have then it creates chaos and bias from these people (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). For example, in certain cultures only the men/husband are expected to work and earn for the entire family and so if there is anybody female/wife is the one earning/working, this somehow creates bias from the culture/society they belong to (Net Industries, LLC n.p. ).The problem with this is that the women may tend to be abused and may be looked down upon because of their expected role (Net Industries, LLC n. p. ). Another is based on â€Å"materialist theories† which means that genders are linked to the economic output of both genders (Eitzen et. al. 251). Here, women are constantly discriminated upon because in the past women are p aid much less than men (Eitzen et. al. 251). The society is affected believing that up to now this is still the case (Eitzen et. al. 251).

Compare and contrast Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison Essay

Long ago there was time where, the room was lit by candle light. In everything one could do one needed a candle next to them to make it possible for it to be done. It was not until the birth of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison that this was changed forever. These two great men’s inventions are what make our world today and without it, we would not be as advanced that we are. This will prove that there are many seminaries (interested in electricity, were both scientist and inventors, both improved the world) between Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison along with their differences (family valves, Benjamin involved in politics world, Thomas involved in social world), wrapping up with how the two scientists are more similar then different. Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison can resemble each other in more ways then one. For both of the scientists, electricity was a great interest. Franklin believed that lightning was electricity that came from the clouds. He believed this theory so much that he proposed an experiment to prove it. It would consist of attracting lightning to metal rods resulting in the invention of the lightning rod. Thomas Edison was known for his light bulb. Contrary to popular belief, Edison did not invent the light bulb, just improved a 50-year-old idea. It was Edison’s interest in electricity that brought him to improve the light bulb. Secondly, both of these great men were not only scientist but at the same time inventors too. Benjamin Franklin will always be known for one of the most important inventions for mankind, Bifocals. This invention changed the lives of many people by the way they see and the convince of it. Not only did Franklin discover Bifocals but also the Lightning Rod, Cathe ter, and Franklin Stove. Thomas Edison was mostly known for his work he did with the light bulb. He also helped the movie world. Some may call it the entertainment world instead. He invented the first camera for motion pictures, it was called the Kinetophone. This invention help change the way people provide entertainment forever. Next, these scientist were both great in all ways, they also started something new to add to their greatest. Franklin started the first fire insurance. He came up with the idea when he was 46. He knew with the new technology coming out, that it may be of some need. Thomas Edison worked for newspapers when he was a young boy. He started the first newspaper to ever be printed on a train.  He called it the Grand Trunk Herald. Finally, not only was the interest of electricity a big favor in their seminaries but also they both started their lives working in the printing profession. Franklin worked in the printing profession up until he turned 42. There he decided to retire to devote his time to his studies in science. Edison started working for the printing profession as a young boy. Wh en he was twelve, he lost almost all his hearing. Edison believed it was from when he was grabbed by his ears and lifted to a train. With the lost of almost all his hearing, it did not slow Edison down. Just like the connections, variations are also applied when referring to Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison. These two men were very different when it applies to their families. Franklin was very distant from his family. When he moved to Boston, he cut his family completely out of his life. For Edison he claims that his mother is what made him. When he was a boy, there was a disagreement with the teacher that he mother did not like. She in result pulled him from school and continued to teach him herself. She then taught Edison the rest of his schooling. Many believe that this is the reason he quotes his mother made him. Next, along with being a scientist and inventor, Franklin was also at the same time involved in the political world. When he was 70, Franklin was chosen to be in the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention. The next year he signed the Treaty of Alliance with France. Right before Franklin passed on he signed the Constitution of the United States of America. Lastly, as for Edison he was involved in a totally different world that many people today would know it as the social world. Edison had invented the first camera for motion pictures. By doing this, it brought him into the entertainment world and later called the social world. Edison even copyrighted the first motion picture ever. It showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. By doing this, it started the production of motion pictures. Edison changed the Social world just like Franklin changed the Political world. After reviewing Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison’s achievements, it is recognized that there are more seminaries rather then differences. In history it was even written that Thomas Edison was following in Benjamin  Franklin’s footsteps. Both were interested in the same things and the same desires when conducting their experiments and theories. They both enjoyed researching electricity. When researching it they both came up with inventions that changed the world. Even when they were children, they both enjoyed the same careers. They both started out working in the printing profession and then finished their lives with studying science. Along with being in the printing profession, they both were known to be scientists and inventors. With all the work that they have finished, it led them to discover new things that could improve the world. For example Franklin will always be known for the lightning rod and the bifocals. As will Edison be known for improving the light bulb and starting the entertainment world with the first camera for motion pictures. Without these two men something’s in this world today just would not be here. This has just proved that there are many seminaries (interested in electricity, were both scientist and inventors, both improved the world) between Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison along with their differences (family valves, Benjamin involved in politics world, Thomas involved in social world), wrapping up with how the two scientists are more similar then different. These two scientist and inventors are two great men that have lived. Without some work that they have accomplished, no one would know where the world would be today.

Critical Analysis Of Human Resource Development Intervention

What is larning and how does larning take topographic point? This essay will turn to the reply to the aforementioned inquiry by critically measuring an Induction semen Training plan conducted by John Little. Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition and Kolb ‘s acquisition manners will be discussed to analyze the existent life larning that I personally experienced whilst working for the abovementioned retail merchant. To show the transportation between theoretical and organisational acquisition, the apprehension gained from the Human Resource Development ( HRD ) literature will be utilized to supply recommendations on bettering the Induction semen Training plan to heighten and ease grownup acquisition. John Little is managed by the Robinsons Group, one of Singapore ‘s prima retail merchants ( Robinsons 2009 ) . The departmental shop offers a broad scope of consumer goods to the general populace. Its success is reliant on its committedness to excellent client service. Staff preparation in cardinal countries such as merchandise cognition and presentation is paid peculiar attending to because, these would reflect on John Little ‘s client service ( Robinsons 2009 ) . The approaching critical ratings of Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition and Kolb ‘s acquisition manners will help in analyzing the attack used by John Little ‘s direction during the initiation semen preparation plan for new employees. In my sentiment, these two theories implemented together during a learning episode, can supply effectual acquisition for grownups.Mezirow ‘s Instrumental LearningInstrumental acquisition happens when one engages in undertaking orientated job work outing as it involves the procedure of larning to pull strings and command the environment or people i.e. , how to make something or how to execute ( Delahaye 2005 ) . In instrumentalA acquisition, one can reflect on the everyday premises or content that guided in the job work outing procedure ( O'Neil & A ; Marsick 2007 ) . Therefore, this signifier of larning allows us to determine alterations ensuing from the acquisition by mensurating behaviors, public presentation or productiveness of employees ( Delahaye 2005 ) . Mezirow ( 1981 ) further emphasized that instrumental acquisition, at all times, involves anticipations about discernible actions either societal or physical, which can turn out to be wrong or right ( Mezirow 1981 ) . Therefore, empirical grounds is used in instrumental acquisition to guarantee that the implicit in premises are right ( O'Neil & A ; Marsick 2007 ) . Instrumental acquisition is apparent in two domains of activity, viz. ; procedural preparation and empirical research ( Delahaye 2005 ) . As noted by Nonaka & A ; Takeuchi ( cited in Delahaye 2005 ) , procedural preparation is the cardinal supplier to knowledge coevals and as such is indispensable in any organisation as it ensures that cognition is widely disseminated. Learning through undertaking orientated job work outing and finding the cause and consequence relationships are constituents of empirical research ( Delahaye 2005 ) . The rules of grownup larning preponderantly shaped the apprehension of Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition. A figure of research workers have identified these rules to be viz. ; get downing with the known, preparedness to larn, portion acquisition, spaced acquisition, active acquisition, over-learning, multiple sense acquisition, feedback, meaningful stuff and transportation of larning ( Delahaye 2005 ) . These rules will be discussed in the extroverted paragraphs. Any signifier of larning episode should get down with the basic thought or the scholar ‘s current degree of cognition as this AIDSs in acquisition and in such instances, the larning nonsubjective becomes easier to grok. Thorndike ‘s Law of Readiness ( cited in Delahaye 2005 ) , emphasizes that the larning experience of an person would be more enriching if the person is ready to larn. Part acquisition and spaced acquisition are used jointly within the larning context. Part larning emphasiss that larning stuffs should be separated into reasonably even sized pieces before being presented to the scholar. Miller ( cited in Delahaye 2005 ) named this procedure as ‘chunking ‘ . The construct of separated acquisition asserts the fact that clip intervals should be allowed between the balls to ease acquisition. As suggested by Delahaye and Smith ( cited in Delahaye 2005 ) , active acquisition involves the use of an activity to reenforce the predating ball of information. McGehee and Thayer ( cited in Delahaye 2005 ) pointed out that over-learning is basically the repeat of undertaking or stuff. This occurs when an single patterns until the stuff is mastered. The term multi sense larning speaks for itself. Feedback and meaningful stuff are critical in the acquisition procedure. Learning is transferred to the working state of affairs given the instance that the acquisition and public presentation state of affairss are similar ( Delahaye 2005 ) . For illustration, transportation of larning occurs when the exact equipment and working stuffs are utilised during the learning procedure.Kolb ‘s Learning StylesMezirow ‘s theory focused on the use and control of environment or people. Kolb, on the other manus focused specifically on persons ‘ acquisition manners. His theory will be used to complement Mezirow ‘s theory for the intent of this essay. Kolb ‘s acquisition manners were developed upon the theoretical account of experiential acquisition ( Erdem 2009 ) . The theoretical account symbolizes larning in a cyclic construction, ‘namely having ( perceptual experience ) and transforming ( treating ) information ‘ ( Kolb, cited in Erdem 2009, p. 156 ) . It is believed that the four acquisition manners consisted of two dimensi ons. The â€Å" feeling † class is related with the concrete experience whereas the â€Å" thought † class is related with the abstract conceptualisation of the perceiving dimension ( Loo 2004 ) . The â€Å" making † class is related with the active experimentation of the processing dimension whereas the â€Å" observation † class is related with the brooding observation dimension ( Loo 2004 ) . As such, the four different manners of larning classified under Kolb ‘s theory are viz. ; divergers, learners, convergers and obligers. He farther suggested that scholars may follow different manners in changing state of affairss as the preferable manners merely mirrors a inclination ( Kolb, cited in de Jesus, Almeida & A ; Watts 2004 ) . They have a leaning to favor some manner of larning over others. Divergers are skilled in originative imaginativeness as opposed to convergers ( Erdem 2009 ) . They prefer multi directional information assemblage ( Erdem 2009 ) . They are besides cognizant of values, significance and are interested in people ( Delahaye 2005 ) . Learners are extremely skilled in making theoretical theoretical accounts that assemble changing observations into one definition ( Erdem 2009 ) . They are more concerned with constructs and thoughts instead than people ( Delahaye 2005 ) . Convergers emphasise the practical application of thoughts and map best in individual solution state of affairss ( Delahaye 2005 ) . They prefer to cover with proficient jobs instead than interpersonal and societal issues ( Erdem 2009 ) . Obligers are opposites from learners. They like to do programs and implement them ( Erdem 2009 ) . Furthermore, they seek chances, take hazards and are action orientated ( Delahaye 2005 ) . Therefore, they are perceived to prefer teamwork. The restrictions in Kolb ‘s acquisition manners must besides be discussed to measure the failing in Kolb ‘s theory. Garner ( 2000 ) stated that Kolb ‘s theory was frequently questioned about its cogency and dependability and this was due to its hapless theoretical foundations. Furthermore, he besides mentioned that Tyler ‘s ‘possibility processing ‘ ( cited in Garner 2000, p. 345 ) was used as a justification for the stability of his theory. Tyler ‘s original work which emphasized single differences was missing in Kolb ‘s theory as Kolb has categorized scholars into groups ( Garner 2000 ) . Furthermore, confusion and finally a misinterpretation was created as to whether Kolb is reasoning for larning manners that are flexible or inflexible ( Garner 2000 ) .Induction cum Training plan at John LittleThe aforesaid theories will be applied to a existent life experience with the aim of showing the transportation between theoretical and organi sational acquisition. This treatment will concentrate on the design and execution phase of the HRD procedure. Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition will be applied to the design and execution phase whereas Kolb ‘s acquisition manners will be focused on the design phase. Harmonizing to Delahaye ( 2005 ) , the design phase in any HRD procedure is defined such that all facets of grownup larning coalesce when planing the acquisition experience. He besides stated that it is indispensable for the human resource developer to hold accomplishments to use the appropriate acquisition schemes in the execution phase ( Delahaye 2005 ) . As noted, initiation and preparation are two different facets of an HRD plan. John small combined these two facets into a individual session plan. This session had employees from different age groups, runing from adolescents to the middle-aged. The initiation session for the new gross revenues associates started off with a brief debut about John Little. This basically covered the history of the organisation, values, policies and mission. Following which, the facilitator went on to speak about work civilization, personal presentation, occupation duties and familiarization of each section and what was expected of the employees. Everyone was given a interruption after which, the preparation session commenced instantly. The acquisition stuffs that were presented to the employees seemed hard to grok, particularly so, for the middle-aged employees. It consisted of many pages of processs, which was written in complex English. The intent of John Little ‘s preparation session was to develop and steer the new employees in runing the hard currency registries and to supply client service. Training was conducted with the assistance of a power point presentation which finally, ended up being a one manner communicating as the facilitator did n't try to prosecute the audience. Furthermore, while the session was on-going, the employees were expected to mention to the manual for farther elucidation without farther advice. It was noted that all the employees who were recruited during that period, were undergoing the same preparation session irrespective of their single occupation duty. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, after the talk manner preparation session, each employee was allowed 15 proceedingss of hands-on session with the hard currency registry. The hands-on session, guided by the facilitator was meant to be an advantage in the preparation session but as there was merely one hard currency registry to work on, each employee had to wait in line for their single hands-on session. On the 2nd twenty-four hours, we were introduced to our single section supervisor and were given a floor circuit of our existent on the job country. Thereafter, we were instantly asked to get down work on the topographic point. Overall, the initiation semen preparation session was conducted over a one and a half twenty-four hours period.Critical Analysis and Evaluation of Induction cum Training planThe accomplishments and cognition gained from the initiation semen developing plan should help John Little in presenting and continuing its current quality of client service. However, this was non the instance as there were bugs in its design and execution. Therefore, the grownup larning procedure was hindered. The extroverted treatment will further lucubrate on the failing in the design and execution of this plan. As per Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition, John Little was right in showing a brief debut to the organisation. This would hold instilled basic cognition of the organisation for the employees. However, John Little did non measure the employee ‘s competency degree in orienting the plan. Employees from really different demographics were given the same type of preparation. This may do the slow scholar to face troubles in maintaining gait with others and therefore may halter their acquisition procedure. If I was the HRD director, I would hold grouped the recruits harmonizing to their age group and have had a self debut semen ice ledgeman session. This would hold eased any uneasiness amongst older employees if they were slow scholars. This will besides promote them to inquire more inquiries which will take them to larn more than if they were grouped with adolescents who nowadays are by and large better read and good versed with retail civilization. I would hold besides given press releases in simple English and more hands-on session as this escalates the understanding procedure greatly instead than talks. As established earlier, the recruits were non introduced to the present staff in their assigned sections. As portion of the ice ledgeman session, I would hold introduced the supervisor and all the staffs under the single sections to the new employees. John Little has assorted sections with five to six senior employees in each section. The debut should be done during the initiation session to do the employees feel at easiness and mix with their hereafter co-workers. The intent of initiation is to acquire good acquainted with the work environment, the organisation ‘s civilization, the people and the procedures whilst the intent of developing harmonizing to Mathis and Jackson ( 2007 ) is to supply employees with specific accomplishments and identifiable cognition for usage in their present occupations and is defined as the procedure whereby employees get capablenesss to execute their occupations. Both initiation and preparation should hold been conducted individually because both have a different intent. I would hold conducted the full plan over a three twenty-four hours period. Induction would be done over two yearss and preparation would take up one twenty-four hours. It is advisable to carry on the session in parts as this will enable the participants to absorb and retain more information instead than holding a concentrated plan. In add-on, the frequence of interruptions during such Sessionss should be high. It is apparent that John Little ‘s human resource developer did non take into consideration the ample handiness of resource, which in kernel, is clip. Everything was packed together and therefore the transportation of larning would non hold been successful. The larning stuff consisted of a thick employee enchiridion in complex English which may non hold been suited for all recruits. Grasping information would hold been much easier if the enchiridion had been split into its assorted subdivisions with a more images instead than merely apparent words. As it has been said, a image speaks a 1000 words. Such ocular AIDSs enhance grownup acquisition and it would hold enabled the participants to link more easy with the power-point presentation. And alternatively of merely enchiridions, I would hold besides incorporated worksheets to measure and measure the participants apprehension of the preparation. This will enable me to put the recruits in sections best suited for their ability and aptitude. There was merely one hard currency registry available for hands-on session for the full batch of participants which resulted in everyone hardly holding 15 proceedingss on it. While waiting for their bend, there is a possibility that some of the information could hold been forgotten or they may experience ignored. It would hold been more productive if a brace of participants had one hard currency registry to themselves for the hands-on session. Furthermore, I would press every brace to prosecute in replying each others ‘ questions and acquiring constructive feedback from the trainer. This sort of active acquisition will enable them to retain information and liven up the acquisition procedure. The constructive feedback on advancement of the participants will ease them to recognize their failings and work on it. Motivational words used by the trainer can promote participants to execute beyond their occupation range which is sorely missing in today ‘s service industry in Sing apore. Alternatively, to get the better of this barrier that hinders the acquisition procedure, John Little should carry on specialized preparation for operation of hard currency registries. Time dedicated specifically for hands-on preparation better enables larning to take topographic point as repeat occurs. This should be accompanied by a supervisor who could help and supply feedback. The importance of feedback in the acquisition procedure can non be emphasized more as it completes the cringle in the learning rhythm. All participants were grouped together even though they had different occupation Scopess. An ideal state of affairs would be to group them harmonizing to occupation range and seamster customized preparation Sessionss to run into their acquisition demands. This will heighten acquisition as the session would be more meaningful and relevant to them. Alternatively of acquiring employees to get down work instantly and independently after a mere one and a half yearss of initiation and preparation, they should be tasked to alternate an experient senior employee. Designating a manager or a supervisor in this instance, provides a point of mention to new employees should they hold any questions or uncertainties. This once more, links back to constructive feedback on the portion of the manager. New employees are expected to execute up to outlook on the really first twenty-four hours of work. It is apprehensible that worlds make errors particularly so, when the preparation session was non conducted proper. It is besides improper of the employee to transport around the enchiridion until they have mastered a peculiar accomplishment or undertaking as it would do the feel incapable and unprofessional and will relect severely on John Little. As such, understudying and larning through feedback and active acquisition is indispensable in the acq uisition procedure as it recalls attending. As mentioned earlier, Kolb has identified four different larning manners of persons. Each manner of acquisition has to be accommodated for, during the design of the initiation and preparation plan. It is of import to observe that in any group, it is likely that there will be a mixture of larning penchants and this mixture could cover the four acquisition manners ( Delahaye 2005 ) . Since learners are able to cover with brawny sums of information and have the ability in organizing these information logically the structured technique as mentioned above can be used to profit them. The undermentioned unstructured larning schemes should be taken into consideration whilst planing the plan. Group larning or group exercisings should be implemented to further heighten larning by utilizing instance surveies and scenarios. Since effectual handling of clients is indispensable in client service and no 1 homo is heterogenous, scenarios and instance surveies would use creativity to get at an reply. Such exercisings would profit scholars who are divergers. Experiential acquisition in the signifier of larning instruments, where hands-on acquisition was conducted with the hard currency registries would profit obligers.DecisionThe aforesaid critical rating of the HRD literature clearly aided me in analysing the larning procedure of an grownup. Mezirow ‘s instrumental acquisition was focused on the control and use of the environment or people whereas Kolb ‘s acquisition manners was centred on persons ‘ acquisition manners. For the intent of this essay, Kolb à ¢â‚¬Ëœs theory was used to complement Mezirow ‘s theory as both theories are indispensable to the grownup larning procedure. These theories were applied to John Little ‘s initiation semen preparation plan. The failings in the plan were identified to be within the design and execution constituents. As a acquisition intercession was applied, I was able to rectify the failing by proposing effectual larning techniques that were associated with portion acquisition, spaced acquisition, active acquisition, feedback, intending stuff and transportation of larning. With the known fact that heterogenous persons have different acquisition manners in head, activities based on Kolb ‘s acquisition manners were recommended to ease acquisition. This essay assisted me to use HRD literature to a existent life larning experience and has proved to be good to my-self acquisition as good. ( 3039 words )