Human Nature in the Destructors Essay

Graham Greene had summarized the conflicts in a society through a representation of teenage children during the post-war era, in his famous short story, â€Å"The Destructors†. The setting of the story happened in blitzkrieg London after World War II ended. The characters are mainly teenage boys who had established a gang known as Wormsley Common gang. Their group religiously meets everyday beside the house of Mr. Thomas or Old Misery. The decision of the gang was made through voting. T or Trevor, the main character in the story, suggested that the gang should demolish Mr. Thomas’ house on the upcoming holiday. Mr. Thomas was an old man, who lived in a house that solely stand on an area that was bombed during the war. The group agreed and commenced their plan under the leadership of T. the story ended with the destruction of the house. The story reflects action and adventure, since the gang would do things that can be considered as daring, especially for their age. The story also has a mix of suspense, especially on the last part wherein Mr. Thomas had gone back home earlier than expected. Nevertheless, the short story is not merely a fiction made to entertain its readers rather, it reflects the factual realities observable during the period it pertains such as delinquency, war and human nature. This essay would analyze the story in connection to the delinquency and war which reveals human nature. Human nature would be discussed as something that is subjective and relative to the perspective and position of the individual in the society where he belongs. The story revolves around the actions of the Wormsley Common gang. As mentioned above, the group was predominantly young teenage boys. Every day they will engage themselves with folly, childish acts. As children going through the transition to adulthood, they are trying to find their own identity through joining groups. They express their authority or control over their decision through delinquent acts; such as sneaking free bus rides. One of the things that separate man from the rest of the living organisms in the planet was his capacity to control things. It is a part of being a human to seek dominance. The several instances of delinquency in the short story prove this point. The most prominent was the destruction of Mr. Thomas’ house. However, if all humans would try to dominate each other, chaos would result. Therefore laws are created in societies that seek to control human actions. In the story, Mike –the most childish character, was usually noisy or has a childlike attitude of opening his mouth when he heard something interesting or unbelievable. This behavior was controlled in the gang through the unwritten rule that a frog would be put down inside the mouth of noisy or open-mouthed members. The story also shows that humans have the capacity to choose or decide. Blackie could leave the group but he did not. He can express his disagreement but he chose to remain silent. Humans are naturally born with the ability to weigh circumstances with respect to situations. Man can choose whether to be good or evil. Most of Greene’s writings reflect the good and the evil side of man. The ethical weight of the action depends on the perspective used to judge the action. Breaking into someone else’s house is impolite and evil as rendered by the society, or at least by the society of London. However, in the perspective of the group, it is an expression of pride, dignity and courage. Mr. Thomas served as the representation of the adults during the period; he does not care what the children would do as long as their actions would not bother him. When he gave the boys some chocolates, the gang discussed and argued about why Mr. Thomas would give them something. The gang decided that it was a bribe. Mr. Thomas had accommodated T when he visited him. He even let him tour the house and explained the things he can’t understand. Nonetheless, it was T who had suggested the plan to destroy the house. Mr. Thomas had trusted T, at the end T locked him up. This illustrates the younger generation’s distrust to the adults. Why? Because it was the adults’ decisions, neglect and actions that led to their destitution. When they took everything away from Mr. Thomas, they left him as vulnerable and helpless as a child. They gave him some foods and a blanket to keep him comfortable as he waited for someone to open the door. When the door finally opened, he was amazed to find that the house he cherished was now only a pile of bricks and rubbles. The concepts of delinquency and war revealed that human nature is also subjective to individuals and relative to societies. As illustrated above, humans tend to judge an action from their own perspective. The living conditions and previous events shaped these perspectives. The distant atmosphere that surrounds T was caused by the events that led to their poverty. The childish acts of Mike were due to his young age. The just attitude displayed by Blackie when he opposed taking away things from Mr. Thomas’ house reflects that he was against theft. The humans’ ability to reason gave him the ability to judge. The fact that Blackie stole or got the hacksaw without permission showed a changed in perspective regarding right and wrong. The things that the society or the organization accepts were the right things while those that the society blames were wrong. Human nature was normally branded as either good or bad, depending on the human actions which were either right or wrong. Human nature, as can be reflected on the story was neither good nor evil. Someone perceived as evil by one person might be considered as good by another. People can be persuaded that humans are naturally good. If the society was not perverted, humans would not result to perverted actions. Humans can also be seen as naturally evil and the existence of laws can be justified as a means to prevent them from explicitly doing evil and promote harmony and security in the society. Like every human being, the characters in the story longs for a recognition. Humans would naturally form groups to be able to defend themselves and justify their actions through rules and laws. The gang would decide according to votes which gave everyone a chance to express himself. The conclusion of the votes determines the gang’s action. Whether it was mischief or simply a childish act, if the majority of gang agreed that it should be done, then it would be done. Everyone would do their best to achieve the set-goal. The story also highlights the fact that it is a human nature not to try the things that pains causes pain. For example, Mr. Thomas went home earlier than expected because of his rheumatism. Likewise, when Summers (one of the gang members) complained that they already done â€Å"enough†, T told him that he should not complain because he along with the others had voted in favor of the plan. It was natural for humans to do things that they like and stop doings things that they hate. Humans would naturally move away from something painful or uncomfortable while humans would naturally move towards the things that give them fun and comfort. The sense of belongingness and the various activities that the members of the gang experienced whenever they do an offending act reflect their adherence to the things that do not cause them pain. Humans would logically want the things that please or made them comfortable. Each member of the gang needs one another to get a sense of belongingness and create an identity. When Blackie asked T whether he hated Mr. Thomas, he perceived that T’s actions and decisions were out of personal interest. Mr. Thomas gave them chocolate to get rid of it. The driver looked help Mr. Thomas out of curiosity. Mike went to the house instead of the church, not simply to help but to be accepted and regarded as important. Blackie did not leave the gang because he wanted to take part on its success and glory. Common to all humans was their capacity to decide, contemplate and judge depending on their personal interest. Humans see things depending on how they perceived them. Every individual portrayed in the story would act according to their selfish interest. Humans were judge according to convention and thus, they act with respect to those conventions. The destruction of the house represents the power to destroy. Since the beginning of time, humans aspire for power and authority. Both of these gave humans the capacity to control things with respect to how he wanted things to be. The idea of destroying the house made T a leader. The actual destruction confirmed his authority. On the other hand, the destruction of the house undermines the power of Mr. Thomas. The greater society also works the same way. It was a power struggle to stay on the top. The destructors were the winners while the destructed was the loser. Good and evil depends on the position and situation of the person in between this spectrum. Good makes the person happy while evil gives him pain. Good benefits while evil takes away or weaken a person.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 31

Elena woke up feeling stiff and cramped. But that wasn't surprising. Three other people seemed to be on top of her. Elena? Can you hear me? Stefan? Yes! You're awake? I'm all cramped†¦and hot. A different voice interrupted. Just give us a moment and you won't be cramped anymore. Elena felt Damon move away. Bonnie rol ed into his place. But Stefan clung to her for a moment. Elena, I'm sorry. I never even realized what condition you were in. Thank God for Damon. Can you forgive me? Despite the heat, Elena cuddled closer to him. If you can forgive me for putting the whole party in danger. I did that, didn't I? I don't know. I don't care. All I know is that I love you. It was several minutes before Bonnie woke up. Then she said feebly, â€Å"Hey! Whachoo doin'in my bed?† â€Å"Getting out of it,†Elena said, and tried to rol over and get up. The world was wobbly. She was wobbly – and bruised. But Stefan was never more than a few inches away, holding her, righting her when she started to fal . He helped her get dressed without making her feel like a baby. He examined her backpack, which fortunately hadn't gone into the water, and then he took out anything heavy inside. He put the heavy things in his own pack. Elena felt much better after being given some food, and after seeing the thurgs – both of them – eating too; either stretching their great double trunks up to break off pieces of wood from the barren trees, or scooping away snow to find dry grass underneath. They clearly were not going to die after al . Elena knew everyone was watching her to gauge whether or not she was up to any more that day. She hurried to finish drinking the tea heated over a dung fire, trying to conceal the fact that her hands shook. After forcing some jerky down, she said in her most cheerful voice, â€Å"So what next?† How do you feel? Stefan asked her. â€Å"Little sore, but I'l be fine. I guess everyone expects me to have pneumonia, but I don't even have any cough.† Damon, after one heavy-lidded glance at Stefan, took both her hands and stared at her. She couldn't – she didn't dare – meet his eyes, so she focused on Stefan, who was looking at her comfortingly. At last Damon dropped Elena's hands abruptly. â€Å"I went in as far as I could. You should know how far that is,†he added to Stefan. â€Å"She's sound, her nose is wet, and her coat is shiny.† Stefan looked as if he were going to smack him one, but Elena took his hand soothingly. â€Å"I'm healthy,†she said. â€Å"So that's two votes for me going on to save Fel ‘s Church.† â€Å"I've always believed in you,†Stefan said. â€Å"If you think you can go on, you can go on.† Bonnie sniffled. â€Å"Just don't take any more chances, okay?†she said. â€Å"You scared me.† â€Å"I'm real y sorry,†Elena said gently, feeling the void of Meredith's absence. Meredith would be a great help to both of them now. â€Å"So, shal we continue? And where are we heading? I'm al turned around.† Damon stood. â€Å"I think we just keep in a straight line. The path is narrow after this – and who knows what the next trial is?† The path was narrow – and misty. Just as before, it started in filmy veils and ended up blinding them. Elena let Stefan, with his catlike reflexes, go first, and she held on to his pack. Behind her, Bonnie clung like a burr. Just when Elena thought she was going to scream if she had to keep traveling through the white blanket any farther, it cleared. They were near the top of some mountain. Elena took off after Bonnie, who had hurried ahead at the sight of transparent air. She was just fast enough to grab on to Bonnie's pack and pul her backward as she reached the place where the land stopped. â€Å"No way!†Bonnie cried, setting up a clamoring echo from below. â€Å"There is no way I'm going across that!† That was a chasm with a very thin bridge spanning it. The chasm was frosty white on either side at the top, but when Elena gripped the bridge's ice-cold metal poles and leaned a little forward she could see glacial blues and greens at the very bottom. A chil wind hit her face. The gap between this bit of the world and the next bit directly in front of them was about a hundred yards long. Elena looked from the shadowy depths to the slender bridge, which was made of wooden slats and just wide enough for one person to walk on. It was supported here and there by ropes which ran to the sides of the chasm and were sunk with metal posts into barren, icy rock. It also swooped magnificently down and then back up again. Even looking at it gave the eye a sort of mini?Cthril ride. The only problem was that it didn't include a safety belt, a seat, two handrails, and a uniformed guide saying, â€Å"Hands and feet must be kept inside the attraction at alltimes!†It did have a single, thin, creeper-woven rope to hold on to on the left. â€Å"Look,†Stefan was saying, as quietly and intently as Elena had ever heard him speak, â€Å"we can hold onto each other. We can go go one by one, very slowly – â€Å" â€Å"NOOO!† Bonnie put into that one word a psychic shriek that almost defeaned Elena. â€Å"No, no, no, no, NO! You don't understand! I can't DO IT!† She flung her backpack down. Then she began laughing and crying at the same time in a ful -blown attack of hysterics. Elena had an impulse to dash water in her face. She had a stronger impulse to throw herself down beside Bonnie and shriek, â€Å"And neither can I! It's insane!†But what good would that do? A few minutes later Damon was talking quietly to Bonnie, unaffected by the outburst. Stefan was pacing in circles. Elena was trying to think of Plan A, while a little voice chanted inside her head, You can't do it, you can't do it, you can't do it, either. This was al just a phobia. They could probably train Bonnie out of it – if, say, they had a year or two. Stefan, on one of his circular trips near her, said, â€Å"And how are you about heights, love?† Elena decided to put a brave face on it. â€Å"I don't know. I think I can do it.† Stefan looked pleased. â€Å"To save your hometown.† â€Å"Yes†¦but it's too bad nothing works here. I could try to use my Wings for flying, but I can't control them – â€Å" And that kind of magic is simply not available here, Stefan's voice said in her mind. But telepathy is. You can hear me, too, can't you? They thought of the answer simultaneously, and Elena saw the light of the idea breaking on Stefan's face even as she began to speak. â€Å"Influence Bonnie! Make her think she's a tightrope walker – a performer since she was a toddler. But don't make her too playful so she doesn't bounce the rest of us off!† With that light in his face, Stefan looked†¦too good. He seized both Elena's hands, whirled her around once as if she weighed nothing, picked her up, and kissed her. And kissed her. And kissed her until Elena felt her soul dripping off her fingertips. They shouldn't have done it in front of Damon. But Elena's euphoria was clouding her judgment, and she couldn't control herself. Neither of them had been trying for a deep mind probe. But telepathy was al they had left, and it was warm and wonderful and it left them for an instant in the circle of each other's arms, laughing, panting – with electricity flashing between them. Elena's whole body felt as if she'd just gotten a sizable jolt. Then she pul ed herself out of his arms, but it was too late. Their shared gaze had gone on much too long, and Elena felt her heart pounding in fear. She could feel Damon's eyes on her. She barely managed to whisper, â€Å"Wil you tel them?† â€Å"Yes,†Stefan said softly. â€Å"I'l tel them.†But he didn't move until she actual y turned her back on Bonnie and Damon. After that she peeked over her shoulder and listened. Stefan sat down by the sobbing girl and said, â€Å"Bonnie, can you look at me? That's al I want. I promise you, you don't have to go across that bridge if you don't want to. You don't even have to stop crying, but try to look me in the eye. Can you do that? Good. Now†¦Ã¢â‚¬ His voice and even his face changed subtly, becoming more forceful – mesmerizing. â€Å"You're not afraid of heights at all, are you? You're an acrobat who could walk a tightrope across the Grand Canyon and never turn a hair. You're the very best of al your family, the flying McCul oughs, and they're the best in the world. And right now, you're going to choose whether to cross over that wooden bridge. If so, you'l lead us. You'l be our leader.† Slowly, while listening to Stefan, Bonnie's face had changed. With swol en eyes fixed on Stefan's, she seemed to be listening intently to something in her own head. And final y, as Stefan said the last sentence, she jumped up and looked at the bridge. â€Å"Okay, let's go!†she cried, picking up her backpack, while Elena sat staring after her. â€Å"Can you make it?†Stefan asked, looking at Elena. â€Å"We'l let her go first – there's real y no way she can fal off. I'l go after her. Elena can come after me and hold on to my belt, and I'm counting on you, Damon, to hold on to her. Especial y if she starts to faint.† â€Å"I'l hold her,†Damon said quietly. Elena wanted to ask Stefan to Influence her, too, but everything was happening so fast. Bonnie was already on the bridge, only pausing when cal ed back by Stefan. Stefan was looking behind him at Elena, saying, â€Å"Can you get a good grip?†Damon was behind Elena, putting a strong hand on her shoulder, and saying, â€Å"Look straight ahead, not down. Don't worry about fainting; I'l catch you.† But it was such a frail wooden bridge, and Elena found that she was always looking down and her stomach floated up outside her body and above her head. She had a death-grip on Stefan's belt with one hand, and on the woven creeper with the other. They came to a place where a slat had detached and the slats on either side looked as if they might go at any moment. â€Å"Careful with these!†Bonnie said, laughing and leaping over al three. Stefan stepped over the first chancy slat, over the missing one, and put his foot on the next. Crack! Elena didn't scream – she was beyond screaming. She couldn't look. The sound had shut her eyes. And she couldn't move. Not a finger. Certainly not a foot. She felt Damon's arms around her waist. Both of them. She wanted to let him support her weight as he had many times before. But Damon was whispering to her, words like spel s that allowed her legs to stop shaking and cramping and even let her stop breathing so fast that she might faint. And then he was lifting her and Stefan's arms were going around her and for a moment they were both holding her firmly. Then Stefan took her weight and gently put her feet down on firm slats. Elena wanted to cling to him like a koala, but she knew that she mustn't. She would make them both fal . So somewhere, from inner depths she didn't know she had, she found the courage to take her own weight on her feet and fumbled for the creeper. Then she lifted her head and whispered as loudly as she could, â€Å"Go on. We need to give Damon room.† â€Å"Yes,†Stefan whispered back. But he kissed her on the forehead, a quick protective kiss, before he turned and stepped toward the impatient Bonnie. Behind her, Elena heard – and felt – Damon jumping catlike over the gap. Elena raised her eyes to stare at the back of Stefan's head again. She couldn't compass al the emotions she was feeling at that moment: love, terror, awe, excitement – and, of course, gratitude, al at once. She didn't dare turn her head to look at Damon behind her, but she felt exactly the same things for him. â€Å"A few more steps,†he kept saying. â€Å"A few more steps.† A brief eternity later, they were on solid ground, facing a medium-sized cavern, and Elena fel to her knees. She was sick and faint, but she tried to thank Damon as he passed by her on the snowy mountain trail. â€Å"You were in my way,†he said shortly and as coldly as the wind. â€Å"If you had fal en you might have upset the entire bridge. And I don't happen to feel like dying today.† â€Å"What are you saying to her? What did you just say?†Stefan, who had been out of earshot, came hurrying back. â€Å"What did he say to you?† Damon, examining his palm for creeper thorns, said without looking up, â€Å"I told her the truth, that's al . So far she's zero for two on this quest. Let's hope that as long as you make it through they let you in the Gatehouse, because if they're grading on performance we've flunked. Or should I say, one of us has flunked?† â€Å"Shut up or I'll shut you up,† Stefan said in a different voice than Elena had ever heard him use before. She stared. It was as if he'd grown ten years in one second. â€Å"Don't you ever talk to her or about her that way again, Damon!† Damon stared at him for a moment, pupils contracted. Then he said, â€Å"Whatever,†and strol ed away. Stefan bent down to hold Elena until her shaking stopped. And that's that, Elena thought. An ice-cold rage gripped her. Damon had no respect for her at all; he had none for anyone but himself. She couldn't protect Bonnie from Bonnie's own feelings – or stop him from insulting her. She couldn't stop Bonnie for forgiving. But she, Elena, was done with Damon. This last insult was the end. The fog came in again as they walked through the cavern.

Cafes Monte Case Essay Example for Free

Cafes Monte Case Essay The company located in Milan, Italy. It was found by Mario Salvetti as a manufacturer and distributor of premium finest coffees. The company faces a hard decision that may affect their future. The company wants to know whether or not they should keep working in the same investing. An important meeting was there among the top management team’s members to discuss the future of the company. The company’s performance was good in 2000. Profit was shown at the financial statement. Giacomo Salvetti the CEO of the company needs to decide which to choose as the business strategy for the company: 1) Keep working in the premium coffee market. 2) Transfer to the private brands market. The current capacity of the coffee production in 2000 was 350,000 K/M , with added additional capacity of 150,000K/M. The cost of the additional units was 6 billion liras. More facts about the profitability and the liquidity were required beside the cash flow and the profit plan to quantify strategic alternatives and to help in making this decision. The idea of changing was not easy to the CEO to accept without a clear image of the financial consequences. The report was provided by the marketing manager showed that the premium market is very volatile. On the other hand, the private brands market is more stable. (Full capacity at the price of 8,800 liras). Price is lower in the private market than the premium. The volume is depending of the number of retailers. ( Every additional retailer need at least 500,000 K/Y). The report was provided by the manufacturing director showed that costs are different in each amount of the volume and quality of beans. These costs include the cost of beans, labor and fixed cost. The company is able to save 65% of selling costs, 75% of R&D costs and 50% of administrative costs, if they choose the private brands market.(Director of strategic planning). Private brands’ retailers will pay slowly- 90 days instead of 30 days. (Financial officer). I took the sales price as the current price 8,800 liras. Most of the expenses are decline compare to what they were in 2000 beside also the profit. Marketing expenses were no longer there because the marketing percentage became 0% in this volume of the private market. The reason of having this decline is the gross margin of the private market comparing to the margin of the premium market. Sales price and cost in private market are less than what they are in the premium market. Cash flows are not stable during the year. It looks vary from quarter to another. In the cash flows, the retailers will pay in 90days (3months) period of time as what it is in the private market. The cash opining was 50% in the first month and 25% in next 2 months. The other expenses were divided by the 12 months equally. Variable and selling costs are showing in page(5). I don’t recommend the full transition to private market. The profit will be lower than what it is even if it is less volatile. There is no reason for the company to lose its premium market if the profit is low, too. I would support the chance of mixing the premium and the private markets together, because of the profitability there. Cafes Monte Case. (2016, Apr 28).

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A Causal Relationship Between Imagination and Knowledge Essay

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Demand in Health Care - Essay Example People, particularly those suffering from life threatening diseases, need treatment. Regardless of how much it costs or whether a patient can afford it with his income, the treatment is imperative. Demand is different. There are choices involved in decisions to buy services. For instance, a patient with an eye problem decides to forego an expensive eye surgery and opt to use eye glasses instead. The cost of the operation forces the patient to use a much cheaper alternative since the condition can also be remedied, at least up to a point that the condition does not lead to permanent blindness or some fatal complication. The previous example demonstrates the so-called demand curve. According to Getzen, "the demand curve shows how many patients are willing to buy at a current price and also at other potential prices" (p.27). The model, which shows a downward slope, depicts how more people are inclined to purchase goods and services as its cost drops down. Here, it is clear that purchase decisions or demands are determined by the price. But price, in purely economic terms, is not the only factor involved in demand. The manner by this variable factor in peoples decisions is also driven by the concept of scarcity and value, which is determined by the quantity and quality of and need for the product or service. In my experience, demand always figure prominently in peoples healthcare decisions. Patients are often free to choose from different doctors according to cost, value and even cultural considerations. This is because there is no scarcity of professionals. Elastic demand could emerge in this situation. Doctors could lower their prices so that demand is stimulated. However, the choice is constrained for those doctors with rare specializations such as those in rare genetic diseases. This is also true for anesthesiologists who do not have any close substitutes (Feldstein, 2011, p.29). There are areas wherein these specialists form a group, monopolizing

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Summary - Essay Example Gruwell soon finds out that the students she was stranded with were far different from her expectations. Her class is categorized into four groups – whites, Latinos, Cambodians and blacks. She resorts to unconventional teaching approaches despite the disagreement with her departmental head Margaret Campbell (enacted by Imelda Stauton) and her colleagues. In the course of her determination and campaign she ends up working more in the school and spending less time with her husband which later becomes a source of constant complain from his side, finally leading to their separation. She pulls up money from other part time jobs to buy books for them instead of abiding by the conventions. She begins her campaign by teaching lessons from the Holocaust, which even involves a trip to the Museum of Tolerance. The idea was to generate feelings of harmony irrespective of races. She arranges meetings with the survivors of the Holocaust and reads through The Diary of Anne Frank. Later she i nvites to the class the lady named Miep Gies (enacted by Pat Carroll) who once gave shelter to Anne Frank. Meanwhile parallel to these lessons the boyfriend of a Cambodian student names Sindy gets killed accidentally by Eva’s boyfriend. ... This brings about the climax of the movie (after the first 90 minutes run) where Eva takes a decision, which would bring a twist to the lives of her family and friends. Eva therefore considers saying the truth and gives the right testimony to the rage of several onlookers. The members of her gang initially decide to kill her but owing tot heir respect for their father they back off. A racial discrimination was broken as Eva takes back her decision of defending the criminal boyfriend form her race and instead does what she feels is morally right. This is an evidence of the transformation, which Gruwell was able to embed amongst his students. During her classes Erin always encourages the young students to make entries in their notebooks on a regular basis. The best part of the lessons delivered by Gruwell includes her asking the students to write their notes taken down in their diaries in the form of a book. She alter combines all these documents into a single book known as The Freedom Writers Diary. Later she was asked to stop teaching her students but Gruwell goes on to assure the superintendent of her ways of teaching. Certain distractions like Gruwell’s pearl necklace initially cause interest but later the film takes us to more sublime themes. The movie succeeds in delivering the note of hope along with emotional and intellectual fulfillment. It also exploits the potential of the young performers adequately, especially that of Hernandez. The movie also manages to retain the touch of originality by quoting verses from students’ diaries in order to give rise to the complementary themes or stories. The movie in general has a lot to offer to the audience who look out for something to identify themselves with rather than complete fiction.

How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you Essay

How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you believe conveys this idea more effectively Why - Essay Example Indiana’s sculpture is placed in the open space, whereas Rodin’s sculpture is displayed in the Musà ©e Rodin, which means Rodin Museum. The Kiss is one of Rodin’s greatest works. The sculptor is famed for other great works with the most popular being the Thinker. One of the key aspects of Rodin’s work is his focus on human behavior. For instance, the thinker represents an individual who is thinking deeply, whereas the Kiss represents a couple that is kissing. Rodin’s work, The Kiss, portrays one form of love, which is romance or spousal love (Elsen 78). However, it ignores all other forms of love, such as friendship, parental love and godly or spiritual love. The Kiss, however, is a sculpture that directly hints love to the audience. In fact, when people view the sculpture, they are more likely to think in the terms of love as opposed to that of sex. As such, the sculpture also represents love articulately. On the contrary, Indiana’s sculpture, Love, is rather different. For most people, the sculpture is just a collection of letters that form the word Love. As such, its representation of love can only be viewed in terms of its spelling. Regardless, the sculpture addresses a general form of love, which are placed on a street, in New York City. Arguably, the chanting of the letter O is used as a strategy to account for the negative space that would be left had the sculptor placed it in the original space. Although the sculpture is a representative of a general love, it lacks the physical representation. The Kiss represents a form of love, or just a basic concept of love, as previously described. However, the sculpture is so well shaped, almost perfect in texture, depicting genuine in love. Regardless, the sculpture hints love at the sight of it. Limiting the concept of love to a mere marital standing point is one of the major flaws made by the author. On the contrary, Indiana’s vague representation of love conveys the idea of love better. Its

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English literature - Essay Example Two of Hardy’s novels, Jude the Obscure and Far from the Madding Crowd. Far from the Madding Crowd has much in common with a Shakespearean comedy on its surface. From its rural setting to its errant sheepdog to its misinterpreted Valentine, it has all the elements of good country comedy. And yet, that superficial lightness runs atop a current of deep suffering. The errant sheepdog is responsible for Gabriel Oak’s poverty, which leaves him forced to sell his land and take a job working for Bathsheba Everdene, who has capriciously rejected his offer of marriage. The repercussions of that anonymous Valentine lead to violent murder and life imprisonment. Everything is much, much more serious than it seems. Life is uncertain, and lighthearted schemes are as likely to succeed — or fail — as more carefully laid out ones: â€Å"It is safer to accept any chance that offers itself, and extemporize a procedure to fit it, than to get a good plan matured, and wait for a chance of using it.† (68) There are no guarantees. Indeed, the novel plunges more and more toward chaotic misery, as Bathsheba’s charmingly unscrupulous husband vanishes after learning of the death of his former paramour and conveniently reappears just as Bathsheba is celebrating her engagement to the steadfast, obsessively adoring farmer who has loved her for so long. Driven to madness by the appearance of his old rival, Farmer Boldwood shoots Bathsheba’s husband and tries to turn the gun on himself. Later, Bathsheba returns to Oak — wiser, sadder, older — and agrees to be his wife. Steadfast Oak has won the day, but his victory must be cold — this broken woman who has nothing left to lose and little left to give. Their great romance has devolved to a mutual sharing of burdens: â€Å"Theirs was that substantial affection which arises (if any arises at all) when the two who are thrown together begin first by knowing the

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations Essay This shows just how angry she is about being dumped. In Havisham Carol Ann Duffy makes miss Havisham seem less than human in many ways, first of all she degrades her by not giving her a proper title, just Havisham not Miss Havisham just Havisham this makes her seem in an under class, then she says that she spent whole days cawing nooooo this makes her seem like a crow as a crow caws, also the crow is an ugly bird so this makes miss Havisham seem even worse. In both Great Expectations and Havisham miss Havisham is shown as an evil old woman, however her appearance is described more shockingly in Great Expectations as miss Havisham is described through the eyes of a small child, Pip. In Havisham she is described through her own eyes, also her description in Great Expectations was of her appearance, her white hair, the yellowing dress e. t. c and in Havisham it is more so her feelings and not so much to do with her appearance. Great Expectations was wrote in a time when gothic novels were very popular, for example Bram Stockers Dracula or Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, also The Castle of Otranto by Mrs Radcliffe, as a result of this Mrs Havisham is portrayed in a very gothic way, as when Pip first sees her he compares her to a waxwork, see was very similar to a waxwork I remember having once seen that quite scared me also because Great Expectations was written a lot earlier than Havisham so Charles Dickens will have been a lot more restricted with the language he could use. You can see this as in Havisham Carol Ann Duffy describes miss Havisham making love to her fianci then biting off his manhood, Charles Dickens would never had dreamed of putting that in his novel so it shows that the two pieces of writing are different not just because of the authors styles or format but also because of the social and historical context. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Great Expectations section.

Steps on How O Prepare Seminar Workshop Essay Example for Free

Steps on How O Prepare Seminar Workshop Essay Conducting a successful seminar workshop requires a great deal of preparation and confidence. Its important to follow a step-by-step blueprint to successfully conduct workshops, from the preparation stage to the final evaluation. 1. Select your presentation topic based on your expertise and goals and on the needs of your target audience. Research your subject thoroughly. 2. Decide who your audience will be and why they are attending so you can tailor the content to their needs. 3. Choose a presentation format. A workshop is hands-on, with participants who are engaged by doing, building, creating or learning a skill. 4. Establish the length of your presentation based on the amount of material you wish to convey and audience needs. Plan the workshop structure, including how much time will be alloted. Build in enough time for introductions, activities and questions in addition to each learning section. 5. Create an outline for the flow of your presentation. Formulate three or four (no more than six, depending on time available) key learning objectives. Use them as section headings for the main body of content. Include facts, discussions and interactive exercises in your content. Set realistic times for each section. 6. Select visual aids for your presentation. Use interesting, unusual and amusing visual aids to help participants understand and retain information. These might include a slide show or PowerPoint presentation, a flip chart, a video, a demonstration, role play, items pulled from a grab bag, live animals, a game or contest, or even food or beverage, depending on your workshop topic. Ensure that the visual aids are clear and concise, can be seen from any point in the audience and do not contain mistakes or contradict one another. Limit visual aids to an average of about one every 15 minutes. Other sensory aids might be appropriate, depending on your topic. However, one we ll chosen aid is better than sensory overload. If you are giving a demonstration, be sure to allot more time for preparation and equipment. 7. Ask frequent questions to promote discussion among participants, maintain attention and take pressure off yourself. Make the information interesting by using examples, stories and metaphors. 8. Prepare cue cards or notes with bullet points to remind yourself of the content during your delivery and keep it flowing. 9. Practice in advance of the seminar. Ask a friend or colleague to participate in practice sessions and provide constructive feedback. Memorize your introduction to increase your confidence as you get started. Adjust the time and content as required. 10. Maintain clear speech, steady pace and good eye contact throughout. Use appropriate humour to keep the atmosphere enjoyable and informal while also disguising any mistakes. Control your time schedule but also allow some flexibility. TIPS AND WARNINGS IN PREPARING A SEMINAR SYMPULSIOM WORKSHOP * End with a question and answer session for a specific length of time. If there are more questions than time allows, offer to respond later by e-mail or next time. * Give out evaluation forms and make sure you get them back. You wont know how to improve without feedback. * Never read verbatim from a Power Point presentation.

Health Benefits of Syzygium Cumini

Health Benefits of Syzygium Cumini ABSTRACT: Syzygium cumini which is commonly known as Jamun or Jambul is quite famous as the Indian summer fruit and is in use very much. This plant has innumerable use in the field of health and medicine. Starting from earlier the usage of jamun is in use and is been used in the ayurvedic and unani medicine from traditional times. Syzygium cumini (L). SKEEL is flowering plant which belong to the family Myrtaceae. The major function of Syzygium cumini is that it helps in the treatment of DIABETES. In many developing countries where medicine are not fully developed, the fruits of Syzygium cumini are been in use so as to cure many diseases. During many research it was been found that this plant is rich in many chemical composition which helps in curing many diseases. Particularly the plant contain a high amount of anthocyanin, glucoside etc. which contain medicinal properties. Not only the single part of the plant but each and every part of the plant contains medicinal properties starting from le aves till its bark and root all are of equally importance. The seeds especially play major role in the treatment of blood sugar as they help in reducing the blood sugar level in body and also constitute many antioxidants. The researchers have developed many medicine from the extract of jamun which can be beneficial in treating many diseases. The species of syzygium cumini is native to the countries like India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan etc. Scientist have found that the syzygium cumini consist of a wide varieties of phytochemicals and nutrients. In other countries it is also known as black plum, java plum etc. Apart from all these countries Syzygium is also been grown in various other countries and is been used in treating many disorders specially Diabetes. It is usually treated as a medicinal source from traditional time being. In this term paper the major important points which are been focused are what are all the important characteristic features of the plant Syzygium cumini and how this plant and its part are been used up in the health field. .KEYWORDS: phytochemicals, syzygium cumini, diabetes, INTRODUCTION If it has to be started from the very beginning the start would be from the origin of usage of the plant syzygium cuimni as a medicinal element. From early time when medicine were not known much to people the use of herbs and natural drugs were in very common state. Since then the use of plant is very common and from then onward the scope of syzygium became widely famous. SYZYGIUM CUMINI is a plant which is of great use. It has many characteristic compounds which possess disease curing feature. Syzygium is a species of Myrtaceae, which is native to the many countries such as Pakistan, India, Bhutan, etc. Since the research going on from the last few years it was found that this plant and all the part of it possess especially the seeds and bark possess anti-diabetic curing characteristic. During the studies in last decades the anti-diabetic feature of this plant is been cited in many research paper and review article. It is said to be that these plants are found to be rich in compounds such as anthocyanin, anti-oxidant properties and much more which help in curing this disease. It was noticed that the seeds contain many chemical composition which help in reducing the blood sugar level. Apart from the major role in curing diabetes Syzygium cumini also has many other properties and important role in health. It can be said that it is core of many function s which are been very useful for human beings. The discussion of each and every part of jamun and their major function is done. The other points which are been discussed would be up till now what all research is been done in the development of medicines from the plant extract. Hence these all point would be discussed in the following review article apart from this the major research growing up in the development of medicines from jamun is also been discussed futher. SOURCE: http://www.carlos-alvarado.com/2010_05_01_archive.htm BENEFICIAL PARTS OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI OR JAMUN During the research which was done it was found that not only the fruits but each and every part of the plant is found to be equally important and consisting of some of the medicinal value. [3] It was found that it was a very good source of cartenoids and many other vitamins which are been proved to be very beneficial for human beings. Starting from the leaves to the bark and seed each of the plant extract is of equally importance in medical field. On by one each of them are discussed as follows: LEAVES : It was earlier discussed that every part of syzygium cumini is comprised of a lot of medicinal value. One of the important part of this plant is its leaves. After doing several experiment is was found that the leaves of jamun consisted of anti-microbial characteristic. It was found that the extract of the leaves of this plant is been used in order to cure many skin diseases especially skin wound as they contain some of the important chemical composition such as: anthocyanin etc which consist of anti-microbial factor in it.[4] Due to these anti-microbial content the developing research institute are working so as to make many daily uses product such as soap and cream from jamun extract. Source: http://explorepharma.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/syzygium-cumini/ Apart from the antimicrobial characteristic the leaves of syzygium cumini also consisted of other important feature such as the leaves also helps in curing gum problems and teeth problems. Some recent research has shown that the extract of leaves if is used also helps in relieving from gastropathy, leucorrhoea, stoamchalgia etc. these are some of the major problems related to the stomach. The leaves extract also helps in curing stomach constipation. Thus the leaves of this plant, syzygium cumini is of equally important as it helps in curing many gastrointestinal problems. SEEDS Seeds of syzygium cumini plant is of atmost importance. It was noticed that the leaves also possess many other characteristic feature out of which the cure of diabetes is n of the important feature. During the last 125 year research which was much before the discovery of insulin many evidence were seen which defined that seeds of these plants help in curing the blood sugar level. In the research it was found that the seeds of jamun contain many elements such as gulcoside jambolin which help usually help in reducing blood sugar level by reducing the conversion of starch to sugar by changing the various chemical processes in it. Apart from this one characteristic the leaves also contain other falvonoids, phenol and rich in protein and calcium. [4]. After performing several experiment on mice and rats it was found that seed of syzygium cumini were capable of curing main 2 type of diabetes Hence it was experimentally proved that the seeds of syzygium were proved to be effective against controlling blood sugar level. Other studies have also revealed that the seeds also contain many alknoids , these alknoids have an ability toward the hyperglycemic effect. Hence it can be beneficial in many ways. BARK Bark which is another part of the plant jamun is also effective in many manners. The bark of syzygium cumini contain ANTI-OXIDANT characteristic. It also comprises of many other characteristic one of which is diabetes control too. It can be said that overall each and every part of jamun is of equally significance. Starting from the leaves to the bark and fruit each hold medicinal characteristic. In this the bark of the plants are found to be having properties like antimicrobial which is also one of the important characteristic. FRUITS OF JAMUN The fruits of jamun are also very significant. After doing several research, scientist have found that the fruit of jamun is mainly treated in symptoms like stomachic , diuretic, etc. Many a times the juice of this fruits is been consumed in order to get relieve from problems like constipation and many other gastrointestinal problems. A very common problem related to gum is known as GINGIVITIS which can also be cured by using the extract of fruits of this plant{7} Due to these several important characteristic these are commercially used and many medicines are also been derived from them. Source: http://trade.indiamart.com/details.mp?offer=4336727155) As the health benefits of syzygium were well known before hence many food industries started to making products from jamun or syzygium parts In this the main important products which were involved were the juices. Juices which were derived from jamun extract mainly from their fruits were commercially available in markets. These juice as shown in the above figure were thought to be a replacement of sugar, as it helped in controlling blood sugar level. In the field of ayurvedic medication the usage of jamun juices in place of sugar for diabetes patients is still in use. Now a days the main product extracted from syzygium is been jamun pulp, jamun vinegar jaumun powder etc are used for many other purposes apart from reducing blood ugar level. The vinegar derived from jamun is also a cure for many problems. The extracted vinegar can be used up in cases like swelling of liver and spleen.[6]. It is found that this vinegar is also helpful in decreasing the migrane pain up to some extent. Th e other important product derived from jamun is the seed powder. Source; http://spicingyourlife.blogspot.in/2009/07/jamun-seed-powder-diet-for-diabetics.html The powder which is been extracted from the seed are especially designed for diabetes cure which is often prescribed to diabetes patient. Very often people suffer from urine problems or kidney infection, these jamun extract in the form of powder or the pulp is prove to be effective in much cases. As it was earlier discussed that jamun comprises of astringent property which help in passage of urine easily. Hence it was seen that it help in solving the problem related to utrine infection. Sometime this powder is extracted from the other parts of the plant and hence consists of the properties like anti-oxidant majorly. In other words each and every part of jamun is enriched with medicinal value and holds up a very bright future prospect. SYZYGIUM CUMINI EFFECTIVE TOOL AGAINST DAIBETES Diabetes is one of the common and famous disease which arises due to many factors. It can be said that diabetes is a condition in which there is a rise in blood sugar level and the person starts to suffer from various symptoms such as increase in thirst, more urination etc. long term untreated diabetes may cause severe damage and problems to the body which may include the damage to the heart, kidney and eyes. Since early time when not much was known in the field of advanced medicine from that onward time diabetes has started spreading its arm around the world and no sooner it became famous worldwide. Diabetes is characterized in two types a) TYPE 1 which is stated as Diabetes mellitus and TYPE 2 which is diabetes insipidus. In an estimation given, it was found that till 2013, 382 million people were reported to be suffering from diabetes out of which 90% were reported to having Type 1 diabetes. Hence the cases of diabetes are increasing at an alarming rate in worldwide. Now in recent time when new discoveries are been arising in every field including DRUGS AND MEDICINE then there is the development of new kind of medicine which are been used as medicine for diabetes. But this is about today what about two or three decade ago when no accurate and exact cure of diabetes was been found. In early time Ayruvedic medicine were the only treatment which was been used up in curing any certain kind of disease. The people of that time also believed that the extract derived from the herbs and shrub can be helpful in curing diseases. As no perfect cure was known at that time hence the usage of the product derived from Syzygium cumini were used for the treatment of blood sugar blood level. After doing many research, it was found that Syzygium cumini or Jamun was proved as an adjuvant therapy in case of treatment of Diabetes Type 2. Apart from its seed which is a great source of anthocyanin and help in controlling the diabetes similarly the fruity purple pulp of this plant is also of great importance as it also anthocyanin rich. The various drug and medicinal research organization are been doing many research in order to determine the rate at which the seeds and pulp are helpful in controlling blood sugar. Studies have shown that the seeds of Syzygium cumini are rich in ellagitannins, a compound whose composition is of hexa hydroxyl diphenoyl glucose which help in reducing the content of sugar level hence help in decreasing the blood sugar level. Another important part of the Syzygium cumini plant is its fruits which also shows the anti-diabetic property. The fruits are a good source of chemical like glucosides, jambolin and ellagic acid which help in reducing the conversion of starch into glucose thus help in controlling the blood sugar level. Hence Syzygium cumini comprises of many essential compounds which help in curing diabetes. Not only in controlling blood sugar level Syzygium cumini or jamun also possess many other medicinal values. OTHER MEDICINAL VALUE OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI Up till now Syzygium cumini studied for its anti- diabetic property. But many research paper also state that apart from its anti-diabetic property, Syzygium cumini is a ocean of many other features or characteristics in the field of medicine. In India, Syzygium cumini commonly known as Jambolan is well recognized as a folk medicine as well as in pharmaceutical trade. If it is been said in medicinal value then the fruits and bark of this plant are said to be having diuretic, astringent and stomachic properties. Along with this in comparison to any other seasonal fruit Syzygium cumini comprises of a high level of anti-oxidant property. This anti –oxidant feature consist of constituents such as anthocyanin, falvonoids, tannin etc. These constituent are responsible for causing the anti-oxidant properties. In the market product such as in toothpaste etc which are used in household sometime contain jamun extract as it is rich in anti-oxidant property. Syzygium cumini plant is comprises of other health benefits too, out of which one is that it help in reducing the risk of degenerative diseases.[6] The degenerative diseases is diseases in which structure or function of the tissue or organ which is been affected deteriorate increasingly examples can be Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. can also be cured up by using Syzygium plant. The fruit pulp of this plant which contains main four anti-oxidant constituents which include falvonoids , phenolic, vitamins and cartenoids. These all anti-oxidant help in reducing the oxidative stress and also help in inhibition of macromolecular oxidation which helps in reducing the risk of degenerative diseases. Apart from the curing these diseases, there are many other diseases and problems which can be cured by using the extract of Syzygium cumini . Some of the important and characterized feature of treatment of diseases with Syzygium cumini are: Syzygium cumini possess antineoplastic. Antineoplastic is property of acting to prevent, inhibit or stop the development of a neoplasm which is also known as a tumor. Extract from Syzygium cumini act as an antineoplastic agent, which can be helpful in treatment of disease such as colon cancer[7]. The fruits and bark extract of Syzygium cumini or Jamun have the Radioprotective and chemoprotective effect which help in treatment of cancer. The plant also contains flavonoids and gallic acid which help in the reduction of formation of tumor or reducing the carcinogenic effect. Hence apart from the treatment of diabetes, Syzygium cumini is a core of many health benefits. Thus it was found by the researchers that the Syzygium cumini or jamun help in curing up many diseases. SCOPE IN FUTURE IN FIELD OF TREATMENT As in the field of medicine new discovery always arises. By going through all the research work which is been done up till now regarding the role which Syzygium cumini plant species is playing in the field of medicine one thing is clear that this plant possess many characteristic property which could be used by in the medication and will also help in the improvement in the field of medicines. The major effect of this plant is on the treatment of diabetes. If the future scope is to be discussed then it must be seen that Syzygium cumini or Jamun holds up many advantages in the way of treatment of diabetes. Firstly as jamun is a inexpensive summer growing species it can be grown anywhere. Hence it is going to be a cheaper way of treatment. Not only this it is one of the natural remedy which prove to be quite effective and non-toxic or harmless as it doesn’t contain any harmful constituent. Easily available. Can be use in the day to day meal. Hence it is to be noted that Syzygium cumini is of great use. The major Drug and Medicine organization and research center are developing techniques in which they are deriving drugs and medicine from the extract of this plant. Apart from these research and drug development, the ayurvedic medicine are commercially are been generated in market for the uses. Hence it can be said that Syzygium cumini hold all the features which make it a powerful curable of disease. In future where new development is taking a step ahead this would be prove a long term beneficial medication. CONCLUSION Thus the role of Syzygium cumini is well defined and the advantageous of it are also been discussed in this review article. This review article was mainly done in order to get an idea what Syzygium cumini plant is capable off. Its characters, constituents and the role of various chemical present in it. Hence it all in one curable formula of disease.

Analysis of Shellys Ode to the West Wind :: essays papers

Analysis of Shellys Ode to the West Wind Analysis of Shelly's "Ode to the West Wind" â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† is a poem of deep despair as well as one of vivid imagery. The first section is fairly straightforward with constant references to death, corpses and destruction that Shelly uses as a metaphor for autumn. The allusion to disease and darkness describes the West Wind in this first section. Shelly sees it as a sort of ‘grim reaper’ but seems to come back from the whole topic by also calling it the â€Å"preserver†. In the second section Shelly takes a more lofty perspective in the beginning mentioning heaven and angels and then moves to give a depiction of hell in the last line of the section with â€Å"black rain and fire and hail will burst†. To be a little more precise, the second section is one comparing an oncoming storm to the end of a year. Perhaps Shelly feels that the next year will not be as good as the last and one can even speculate that the west winds are the winds of change or even of evil. I feel that the third section really supports the theory that Shelly did portray the west wind as the bringer of evil. The wind is described to be awakened from a place of peace and beauty. The line â€Å"Thy voice, and suddenly grow grey with fear† seems to describe a sense of darkness and loathing, a chilling feeling flowing through the veins. The west wind is power. The fourth section plays on the feeling that this wind is all-powerful and Shelly seems to give the impression of bowing down before it. Impulses, uncontrollable, tame-less are all words used to describe the wind in this section. In almost a begging tone the speaker of the poem asks to be taken away from his pain as said â€Å"Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! / I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!†. Going back in the poem though the west wind seems to have created this and the speaker loathes it, but here shows he also still needs it. The final section seems to come to terms with the west wind. The asking for music even though the leaves are gone and there is not to celebrate shows this perspective: I will still play but it will be one of sadness.

Should Workers Be Allowed To Strike? - Argumentative Essay

It is difficult to see how anyone could deny that all workers should have the rights to strike. This is because striking gives workers freedom of speech. This is justifiable, because Britain is a democratic nation. My first reason supporting the motion that workers should be allowed to strike is in order to bring to the fore poor safety conditions. For instance, in the nuclear power industry, any breaches of safety can have tragic consequences. If the employees are exposed to nuclear material, this could lead to serious illnesses such as cancer, leukaemia and radiation sickness. Radioactive material could also affect residents of the surrounding area, as in the case of the Chernobyl disaster. In the light of poor safety conditions, workers striking can be justified by the fact that the government and public would be informed. Similarly, another justification for employees striking is that production and confidence would perhaps increase after industrial action. This could be because, when workers strike for higher pay or better conditions and their employers meet their demands, the employees return to their place of work with higher morale than before the walk-out. As a consequence, the higher productivity would be beneficial to the owners. Likewise, industrial action gives the worker a line of protest against unfair hours or miserly wages. Theoretically, if taking industrial action was outlawed, the management could impose any terms and contract changes that they wished ...

Ordinary People :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why does the world go on when things like this happen?†, is a quote by Gerda Weissman Klein. This means that unfortunately, incidents that don’t always have a positive impact on our lives, can not hold us back from moving on, or the world form continuing its business. Ordinary People by Judith Guest is a fine example of when the world goes on when you experience a grief so great that you felt almost as if the world betrayed you continuing to allow the sun to rise every and the birds to sing in spite of your pain. Ordinary People deals with the hardships of one â€Å"ordinary† family’s day to day life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buck Jarret brother of Conrad and son of Calvin and Beth was sailing in bad conditions with his brother when their sailboat capsized. Conrad was most effected by this tragedy. Judith Guest uses characterization to reveal this pain that Conrad holds deep down inside. Conrad is so effected by this accident that he eventually attempts to commit suicide, however he is unsuccessful due to the fact that Calvin walked in on him. Conrad could not deal with the hardship of not having the brother he once had and loved. Conrad believed that the choice was his to decide whether or not he wanted to watch the sun rise or listen to the birds sing every morning . Calvin stated that there was one thing he did wrong and that was that â€Å"he stayed with the boat†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beth Jarret can be used as more of an indirect relation to this quote. Beth awoke one night to find Calvin missing from her bedside, when she went downstairs looking for him she found him sitting at the dining table crying. Calvin was upset at the fact that Beth fails to show affection for her son Conrad. Calvin stated â€Å"Its almost like you buried all of your love with Buck†. Calvin continued to explain how he has been thinking and he is not sure if he is in love with Beth anymore due to her actions. Guest uses very dramatic dialogue to develop the level of seriousness in this crucial conversation Calvin feels great pain over this situation but yet the sun rises the next morning only to bring an understanding between Conrad and Calvin.

Process Strategy and Analysis For Toyota Motors Corporation Essay

Introduction When organizations seek to improve or transform their resources into goods and services, they are, in a way, developing their process strategy in producing their customer and product specifications at lower costs and less managerial constraints. As companies are targeting global markets at present, each organization needs to decide on long-term competitive goals that are strategic in nature. In making these process decisions, managers need to focus on controlling competitive priorities like quality, flexibility, time, and cost to meet the global demand for their products. In having a look at Toyota Motor Corporation’s process strategy, it will be helpful to realize why their decisions for both service and manufacturing processes are successful. By determining the processes that comprise their operations, we will be able to assess if their value chains are managed efficiently and effectively. According to Krajewski et al. (2007), a process strategy specifies the pattern of decisions made in managing processes so that they will achieve their competitive priorities. Also, a â€Å"process strategy guides a variety of process decisions, and in turn is guided by operations strategy and the organization’s ability to obtain the resources necessary to support them†. Thus, a process strategy consists of decisions that help define the value chain. Usually these decisions seek the improvement of processes and they are done most likely when: A gap exists between competitive priorities and competitive capabilities. A new or substantially modified service or product is being offered. Quality must be improved. Competitive priorities have changed. Demand for a service or product is changing. Current performance is inadequate. The cost or availability of inputs has changed. Competitors are gaining by using a new process. New technologies are available. Someone has a better idea. As a leading auto manufacturer in the world, Toyota Motor Corporation sells its vehicles in more than 170 countries and regions worldwide. Toyota’s primary markets for its automobiles are Japan, North America, Europe and Asia. Employing nearly 300,000 people, its headquarters is located in Toyota City, Japan. Their products include passenger cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles; minivans and trucks. Toyota’s subsidiary, Daihatsu Motor Company, also produces and sells mini-vehicles and compact cars. While another brand, Hino Motors produces and sells commercial vehicles. More importantly, Toyota manufactures automotive parts, components and accessories for its own use and for sale. Toyota has 52 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries and regions (Toyota Website). Process Strategies in Toyota One of the most notable processes that Toyota Motor Corporation had made famous is the Toyota Production System (TPS). At present, TPS is also known for a variety of terms like lean systems or just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, lean production, stockless production and zero inventories. Cox and Blackstone (1998) defined lean systems as â€Å"a philosophy of production that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lean systems thinking was initiated and developed as the TPS. It was Toyota’s vice president Taiichi Ohno who pushed for the TPS beginning in 1937 when he discovered that labor at American manufacturers was nine times more productive than labor at Japanese manufacturers (Monden 1983, p. v). Since there was a pressure to improve after World War II because capital was restricted and production volumes were low, Ohno researched on some methods they can adopt in Toyota to make their production system work better. However, it was not until the 1973 oil crisis that most Japanese manufacturers became interested in TPS and it was not until the end of the 1970s that a significant number of U.S. manufacturers began to investigate TPS. The Toyota Production System became widely known in the United States in 1983 when a book of that title was published. During the 1980s, the popular term in the United States for the TPS system was â€Å"just-in-time manufacturing†. At the beginning of the 1990s, the term lean systems became popular because of a series of books and articles by U.S. consultants and researchers in which they referred to TPS as â€Å"lean systems,† because they allow more and more to be done with less and less. Fact is that Ohno only borrowed important roots of lean systems from two distinct American institutions: Henry Ford’s mass production system and the supermarket. Lean Systems That Sparked More Process Strategies In the book by Womack and Jones (1996), entitled Lean Thinking, they simplified Ohno’s lean systems approach. As it is not just a set of techniques but a management philosophy, this means managers must have a different mental model or perspective of managing the manufacturing process. The five steps or principles to develop this mental model are: Precisely specify value for each specific product. Identify the value stream for each product. Make value flow without interruptions. Let the customer pull value from the producer. Pursue perfection. During the 1980s, some U.S. companies have adopted lean systems successfully. But many more failed or even refused to take action. Many managers are skeptical that TPS could not succeed in the United States or it provided no real benefits. However, the publication of a book titled The Machine That Changed the World (Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990) ended the debate about whether lean systems created real, lasting benefits. The book presented the results of a three-year study of automobile manufacturing throughout the developed world. They found that in 1990 a Japanese plant in Japan took 16.8 hours to build an auto, while a U.S plant in the United States took 25.1 hours per car. Not only did a Japanese plant produce cars faster, its cars had fewer defects per hundred vehicles, lower space requirements, and lower inventories than their competitors. Their findings also indicate that it is the management system and not the country’s culture that is responsible for the success of lean companies, since Japanese plants in the United States performed better than U.S. plants on all criteria. Aside from the TPS, Toyota pursued total quality management or â€Å"kaizen†, a change strategy that involves a continuous incremental improvement of work procedures. Using kaizen, production-line employees are made responsible for finding ways to improve work procedures to drive down costs and drive up quality. Individually, and in quality groups or circles, employees suggest ways to improve how a particular Toyota car model is made. Over time, from their thousands of suggestions, incremental innovations made to the car assembly process result in major improvements to the final product. Employees receive cash bonuses and rewards for finding ways to improve work procedures, and the result has been a continuous increase in car quality and reduced manufacturing costs. In the 2000s, under the leadership of Toyota’s new president, Jujio Cho, the company sought to increase the speed of change to further improve its efficiency and quality to gain an edge over its major competitors such as GM, Ford, and Daimler-Chrysler. It has begun a series of new kinds of change programs, each directed at improving some aspect of its operations, which Toyota hopes will bring both incremental and radical changes to the way it operates. Some incremental change programs involve strengthening its kaizen program, such as â€Å"pokayoke,† or mistake-proofing. This initiative concentrates on the stages of the assembly process that have led to most previous quality problems; employees are required to double- and triple-check a particular stage to discover defective parts or to fix improper assembly operations that lead to subsequent customer complaints. Another program is Construction of Cost Competitiveness for the 21st Century program or â€Å"CCC21,† which involves working with the company’s suppliers to find ways to reduce the costs of Toyota’s car components by 30 percent—something that will result in billions of dollars in savings. Toyota has also introduced a new manufacturing process called â€Å"GBL,† which uses a sophisticated new assembly process to hold a car body firmly in place during production. This allows welding and assembly operations to be performed more accurately, resulting in better-quality cars. GBL has also enabled Toyota to build factories that Toyota to build factories that can assemble several different kinds of models on the same production line with no loss in efficiency or quality. This is a major competitive advantage. The company’s global network of plants can now quickly change the kinds of cars they are making depending on buyers’ demands for various models at different points in time (Dawson, 21 February 2005). Other radical change efforts have focused on revamping Toyota’s development and design process to keep up with changing customer needs and demographics. In the 1990s, for example, the age of the average Toyota car buyer steadily rose. Despite Toyota’s climbing global sales (which exceeded $203 billion in 2006), the company was criticized for failing to understand how the market was changing. Some blamed the problem on centralized decision making at the company and a culture that had long been dominated by Toyota’s cautious and frugal Japanese designers. Rather than designing innovative, flexible vehicles customers were increasingly demanding, Toyota continued to focus on cutting costs and increasing the quality of its vehicles. To quickly get an improved design process into gear, President Cho bolstered two new change techniques to radically alter the design process: PDCA and â€Å"obeya†. Obeya is based on frequent brainstorming sessions among engineers, designers, production managers, and marketers designed to speed new model cars to the market. PDCA (â€Å"plan,† â€Å"do,† check,† â€Å"action†) is a program designed to empower the company’s designers outside of Japan to intervene in the car development process and champion designs that meet the needs of local customers. The results of promoting a flexible, decentralized car design process were the speedy introduction of the rugged eight-cylinder Tundra pickup truck and the angular, ScionxB compact in the United States, as well as the Yaris, Toyota’s best-selling European car. The Yaris was designed in Europe, and its success there led to its subsequent introduction in Japan where it also sold well (Hill, 2004). Conclusion Throughout its existence, we could see that Toyota has managed their process strategies effectively as they root everything out from the TPS. Through the TPS, they continued to change and improve their processes to lessen production time, lessen the wastes and make production efficient to the benefit of both the company and its employees. Also, it is important to note that, despite all these changes, their customers remain at the core of their focus as Toyota seeks to meet all their demands. As for their management, the decisions are translated into actual process designs or redesigns. This matches the complementary philosophies for process design: (1) process reengineering and (2) process improvement (Krajewski et al., 2007). In this regard, we could say that Toyota Motors Corporation has an excellent decision patterns to further improve their manufacturing processes in the future. The Process Analysis of the Toyota Motor Corporation Introduction In the book The Toyota Way, Liker (2003) claimed that Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. In analyzing their manufacturing process, Liker found that new cars and trucks take only 12 months or less to design in Toyota, while competitors typically require two to three years. Also, Toyota has been benchmarked to be the best in its class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world. This is because Toyota maintains high quality, high productivity, faster manufacturing speed and flexibility in processing their products (p. 5). All these successes are due to the TPS that Liket (2003) summarized into 4 Ps (Problem-Solving, People and Partners, Process and Philosophy (see Figure 1). Figure 1. 4Ps That Comprise the Toyota Production Systems (Source: Liker, 2003). Analyzing the TPS In the process part of the TPS, we can see at its core is the goal of eliminating waste. For example, in the manual assembly operation of a truck chassis assembly line (see Figure 2). The operator takes many individual steps, but generally only a small number of the steps add value to the product, as far as the customer is concerned. In this case, only the three steps identified add value. Although some of the non value-added steps are necessary (for example, the operator has to reach to get the power tool), the point here is to minimize the time spent on non-value-added operations by positioning the tools and material as close as possible to the point of assembly. Toyota has identified seven major types of non-value-adding waste in business or manufacturing processes: Overproduction. Producing items for which there are no orders, which generates such wastes as overstaffing and storage and transportation costs because of excess inventory. Waiting (time on hand). Workers merely serving to watch an automated machine or having to stand around waiting for the next processing step, tool, supply, part, etc., or just plain having no work because of stockouts, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, and capacity bottlenecks. Unnecessary transport or conveyance. Carrying work in process (WIP) long distances, creating inefficient transport, or moving materials, parts, or finished goods into or out of storage or between processes. Overprocessing or incorrect processing. Taking unneeded steps to process the parts. Inefficiently processing due to poor tool and product design, causing unnecessary motion and producing defects. Waste is generated when providing higher-quality products than is necessary. Excess inventory. Excess raw material, WIP, or finished goods causing longer lead times, obsolescence, damaged goods, transportation and storage costs, and delay. Also, extra inventory hides problems such as production imbalances, late deliveries from suppliers, defects, equipment downtime, and long setup times. Unnecessary movement. Any wasted motion employees have to perform during the course of their work, such as looking for, reaching for, or stacking parts, tools, etc. Also, walking is waste. Defects. Production of defective parts or correction. Repair or rework, scrap, replacement production, and inspection mean wasteful handling, time, and effort. Unused employee creativity. Losing time, ideas, skills, improvements, and learning opportunities by not engaging or listening to your employees (Liker 2003, p. 28-29). Figure 2. Waste in a Truck Chassis Assembly Line (Source: Liker, 2003). Figure 3. Timeline of Waste in a Value System (Source: Liker, 2003). TPS: A Goal Driven Process Like any system, the TPS is a goal-driven set of interrelated or linked activities. Managers who recognize that they are managing a system are aware of two main points: (1) the system reacts to any solution and (2) the system controls the behavior of those individuals who operate within it. The first point means that there are often unintended consequences when a solution to a problem in a system is introduced. To avoid unintended consequences, managers must fully understand the system. The second point means that managers must avoid attributing the problems in a system to the character of the individuals within the system. The manager must instead identify how the structure of the system is shaping the choices of the individuals within the system. By understanding these two points, the manager can now redesign the system to increase the system’s performance. The incorrect use of performance measures can prevent the successful introduction of lean systems. For example, a performance measurement system that encourages high equipment and high labor utilization often discourages production at the rate demanded by the customer. Indeed, these performance measures actually encourage large-batch production, thus creating the waste of overproduction and decreasing the system’s ability to respond to the customer. Firms that implement lean systems often use a performance measure called overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Soiichi Nakajima (1988) first formulated this performance measure to assess how effectively equipment is maintained and operated. Figure 4 shows six types of capacity losses in the right-hand column (breakdown losses, setup and adjustment losses, idling and minor stoppages, speed losses, quality defects, and start-up and yield losses). These capacity losses are organized into three categories: downtime losses, speed losses, and quality losses. Figure 4. Six Probable Causes For Equipment Losses (Source: Masaji & Goto, 1992). Knowing performance measurements are an important part of any manufacturing system, thus TPS support the elimination of possible waste. The operations manager must select the performance measurements that will encourage behaviors that lead to the desired business performance. In TPS, the desired business performance is shorter flow time, reduced costs, and faster response to the customer. Another advantage of the TPS is its support towards employee empowerment as a means for continuous improvement. Toyota empowers its employees by training them to use the scientific method to continuously improve processes. The scientific method involves four elements: theory, hypotheses, data, and verification. In the research of Spear and Bowen (1999) they indicated that the scientific method is integrated into the Toyota Production System so that every time a job is performed is an experiment. This creates a system where all the work processes are very specified and structured, but the system itself is very flexible and responsive. Toyota implements the scientific method as part of four unspoken rules that everyone in the organization must learn and practice: Highly Specified Work – Toyota’s first rule requires that managers, engineers, and line workers fully understand how a job is to be done and its relationship to other jobs. By ensuring that every job has a very clearly defined set of steps, it is obvious when the correct process is not being followed and it is also obvious when more training is needed or when the job definition needs to be changed. This allows quick identification and correction of any problems that occur. This first rule reduces variance in how work is done. By creating a highly specified sequence of steps to perform the job, Toyota is actually proposing a theory that this procedure is the best way to do the job. Given this theory, two implicit hypotheses in every standard job specification are first that each person doing the activity is capable of performing it correctly and second that performing the activity as specified actually creates the expected outcome. Direct Connections – Toyota’s second rule states that there must be direct, unambiguous communication between each customer and supplier. Direct, unambiguous communication means that each customer and each supplier know the exact form and quantity of goods and services to be provided. The theory implicit in this second rule is that the supplier has the capacity to meet the customer’s needs as they are communicated. This theory leads to two hypotheses: (1) the customers’ requests will be for goods and services in a specific mix and volume and (2) the supplier can respond to the customers’ requests. The production process generates data through the observation of the customer-supplier interactions. Simple Direct Pathways – Toyota’s third rule is that all pathways must be simple and direct. This means that goods and services must flow to a specific person or machine. The underlying theory in this rule is that having simple and direct pathways will quickly reveal any source of variances in the flow of goods and services. This rule suggests two hypotheses: (1) every supplier is necessary and (2) any supplier not connected to the pathway is not necessary. Each day of production provides data to analyze the hypotheses. Was there a supplier who was not connected to a pathway? Obviously any supplier or activity not connected to the flow pathway can be eliminated. This rule eliminates noise from the system and means that there are no pooled queues of completed work from suppliers waiting for the customers to use. Instead, completed work leaves one activity and goes to the next activity. If one supplier has a high variance in deliveries, their variance will not be hidden b y the deliveries of the other suppliers. Scientific Method – Toyota’s fourth rule requires that employees be trained to formulate and test hypotheses about how they can improve their job activities. Toyota constantly encourages its workers to conduct experiments trying to identify a better method of performing their job activities. Conclusion In analyzing the Toyota Production System, we can deem that the company seeks to benchmark their operations to become more efficient. This is the reason why that the TPS is highly regarded among all companies in the world because it focuses on setting quantitative goals for improvement. TPS seeks to make Toyota’s manufacturing processes to be made simple and they are utilizing a scientific model that goes one step further it transforms their processes to be more dynamic. The Toyota management is also constantly gathering ideas for reengineering or improving a process become apparent after documenting the process. They are carefully examining the areas of substandard performance, efficient interaction between departments and finally making customers’ preferences a prime priority. The ultimate goal of TPS is to apply the ideal of one-piece flow to all Toyota’s business operations, from product design to launch, order taking, and physical production by eliminating the unnecessary waste. Thus, the TPS is an all-encompassing philosophy that includes product design, process design, equipment and facilities design, supply chain coordination, job design, and productivity improvement. If there is one â€Å"key† to successful implementation of TPS, it’s adopting a holistic approach. This is probably the reason why Toyota remains to be one of the most admired companies in the world because they implemented a system that cut all the unnecessary costs and produced faster results without compromising the product expectations of their stakeholders. References Cox, J.F. & Blackstone, J.H. Jr. (Eds). (1998). APICS Dictionary, 9th ed. Alexandria, VA: APICS. Dawson, C. (2005, Feb 21). A China Price for Toyota.   Business Week, 3921, 50-51. Hill C.W.L. (2004). Toyota, in C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones, Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. & Malhotra, M.K. (2007). Operations Management: Processes and Value Chains, 8th   ed. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Liker, J. (2003). Toyota Way. Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Monden, Y. (1983). Toyota Production System, Norcross, GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press. Nakajima, S. (1988). TPM: Introduction to TPM, Total Productive Maintenance Cambridge MA: Productivity Press. Spear S. & Bowen, H. K. (1999, Sept-Oct). Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System, Harvard Business Review, pp. 96–106. Tajiri, M. & Gotoh, F. (1992). TPM Implementation: A Japanese Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill. Toyota Website. (2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http://www.toyota.com/about/our_business/ Womack, J.P. & Jones, D.T. (1996). Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, New York: Simon and Shuster. Womack, J.P. Jones, D.T. & Roos, D. (1990). The Machine That Changed the World, New York: Rawson Associates

Sanofi-Aventis Pakistan Limited Pharmaceuticals vs Glaxosmithkline

effectuate of Quality Management on municipal and Global Competition In Pakistan, Sanofi-Aventis and GlaxoSmithKline ar pharmaceutic companies that grocery popular products and concord very similar medications. Companies like these view as the mission and responsibility of providing medicines and vaccinations to better races live in different countries and communities. One of the largest and leading pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan is the Sanofi-Aventis Pakistan Limited.The chains put most of their furiousness on therapeutic atomic number 18as such as cardiovascular, thrombosis, oncology, central nervous systems function, metabolic disorders, upcountry medicine, and vaccinations (Sanofi, 2010). GlaxoSmithKline is also kn feature for divulgeing just about of the nations leading world(prenominal) medicines in the fields of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. The strategical wariness methods this manufacturer has chosen to use of goods and receiptss has made th em a leader in the industry, among its competitors with respect to changing markets and growth trends.In 2007, the number one rated pharmaceutical caller-out was GlaxoSmithKline, which has fount its continued success in making very wise bank line decisions like delivering close 1 jillion vaccines to developing countries in 2009 (GlaxoSmithKline, 2010). Diseases such as cardiovascular issues, thrombosis, cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and opposite major illnesses consent been crucial public well(p)ness issues for Pakistan because they arrive at been proven to be a main contri yetor to the aggregate international mortality rates.It is for this reason that companies like Sanofi-Aventis and GlaxoSmithKline lead concentrated so much of their interrogation efforts on those specific issues and areas. The result has resulted in a world-renowned reputation of expertise for twain in the industry. The following paper go out explain why the medications that are produced by the companies above are competitive in both(prenominal) domestic and world(prenominal) markets, and it exit compare and contrast the quality management for these two placements.Sanofi-Aventis is a multi-national organization and is originally the third-largest pharmaceutical group both France and Europe. It is an all-inclusive business as it conducts research, development, manufacturing, merchandise the featured pharmaceuticals, and the confederacy was formed in 2004 when the initial comp whatever(prenominal), Sanofi-Synthelabo, bought out Aventis. Aventis had originally spurned the bids, and this turned into a three-month war until Sanofi-Synthelabo at last offered the acceptable bid of $54. 5 one thousand million (Sanofi, 2010).After the bidding war was oer, the prexy of Sanofi-Aventis, Jean-Francois Dehecq, and the CEO, Gerard Le Fur, started the process of emphasizing the wideness of customer service and their commitment to excellent service for the people who rel ied on their medications. over the last several years, set and other various competitive methods and strategies of companies like these have been changing with technological developments, economic changes, national legislation, and state dose substitution laws (Federal, 2010).With these threatening changes, the boilers suit market has undergone structural transformations as well that include the growth of the market for generic drugs, and company consolidations. The nature of this good-hearted of competition is naturally subject to unremitting orbiculately institutional and structural changes. GlaxoSmithKline has had a very notable history in the pharmaceutical industry as well since the early eighteenth century, and they are headquartered in the U. K. This company conducts business in the U. S. and boasts an estimated heptad percent of the worlds total pharmaceutical market.Both companys hatfuls and plans were to become new, progressive companies were with great fervenc y and vigor, as they had a clear vision of the desire to motivate the employees in almost 100 countries. Luckily, they already demonstrated an massive portfolio of cutting- moulding medications, reliable service to their patients and an overall commitment to the quality of life, so these factors enabled the company to continue to achieve their performance goals and live up to the responsibilities they had to their communities.Coupled with evolving information technology and unceasing industry changes, there was and continues to be an increase benefit and need for companies to choose and past charge differing prices to people in check economic brackets. The competitive implications of these differential pricing tactics have offered companies like Sanofi-Aventi and GlaxoSmithKline the opportunities to bedcover their business over larger areas, to a greater extent hospitals, and to involve themselves in other segments of requisite by making themselves more ductile in the indust ry.These kinds of practices have probably changed the guidance they have partially because specific types of buyers as well as manufacturers have select and implement cost-controlling measures that are similar to those that have been used by traditional hospitals (Federal, 2010). The Sanofi-Aventis industrial Affairs organization has been proven to be totally committed to providing the highest quality of service to its customers and patients, taking into consideration all of the current protocols of the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) the company takes from its plants that are ground at Karachi & Wah Cantt (Sanofi, 2010).As with almost any other organization, quality and the amount of productiveness are very important and regularly monitored, and there is a great emphasis placed on maintaining Health and rubber eraser codes in order to keep the employees sound on the job. During 2005, the Industrial Affairs plane section of Sanofi-Aventis continued to focus on on committi ng their conviction and energy to providing the highest quality of customer service, turn meeting their own production goals.GlaxoSmithKline has been experiencing their own specific challenges due to regulatory issues, clear expiration issues, and change magnitude pressures that are glide path from different healthcare providers that have created an surround of tension, lower growth rates, and higher risk for the company. They are addressing these challenges with three priorities grow and blast on a diversified global business foundation, delivering quality products of high value, and at last simplifying the general operating model.The Pakistani pharmaceutical market has been and remains to be weighed win with financial and producing difficulties. Government regulations and control over fixed prices has made many of the drugs offered unaffordable to consumers, and this has resulted in people searching for what they need on the black market at increased prices, or the drugs have just disappeared completely.In this kind of high-tension environment, both global manufacturers and local foreign-owned companies have proven that they are not able to stick the profit needed for capital investment. Currently, there are no formal public drug reimbursement programs, although patent laws became more regulated in December 2000 (Sanofi, 2010). In the year 2002, Pakistans regulation laws became even weaker than they had been.In reception to this, the formation and recruitments of drug inspection teams were brought in to investigate the manufacturing and sales of fraudulent drugs, but unfortunately have not had adapted results so far, largely due to a lack of necessary resources and various bureaucratic complications. Though both Sanofi-Aventis and GlaxoSmithKline have been misfortunate from the declines of sales and the resulting losses in profitableness for the past few years, the companies continue to make every effort to not notwithstanding regain their po sitions in the industry, but to top off expectations.The ways in which quality management can have major affects on the current position of both of these companies in both a domestic and the global market are to keep their focus on their core competitive edge and to work to further improve its inner(a) controls within each company. The sales personnel departments for any pharmaceutical company are considered to be the back-bone of the industry, and both companies will most presumable begin to thrive when they create and develop a successful sales force to improve their future prospects as the thriftiness improves